LiCrTiO₄ Nanowires as High-Performance Cathodes for Magnesium–Lithium Hybrid Batteries

Abstract

Magnesium–lithium hybrid batteries attract considerable attention due to combined advantages of metallic magnesium anode (free dendrite) and Li-driven reaction cathode (fast ion diffusion rate). In this work, nanowired LiCrTiO4 with moderate redox potential is chosen as a potential cathode material for magnesium–lithium hybrid batteries. LiCrTiO4 nanowires are made up of small dispersed nanoparticles. In such a structure, the diffusion/migration barrier of Li+ insertion is reduced and the infiltration of electrolyte is enhanced, leading to faster ion diffusion rates and smaller potential polarization. The Mg2+/Li+ hybrid battery exhibits a high reversible capacity (128.7 mA h g–1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g–1) and excellent rate performance (even at a high current density of 500 mA g–1, a specific capacity of 110.1 mA h g–1 can be still achieved, corresponding to 67.8% of that at 30 mA g–1). Notably, the ion storage mechanism of LiCrTiO4 nanowires in Mg2+/Li+ hybrid battery is systematically investigated by ex situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This research demonstrates that the nanowired LiCrTiO4 cathode is a high-performance candidate for magnesium–lithium hybrid batteries.

Spinel Li4Mn5O12 as 2.0 V Insertion Materials for Mg‐Based Hybrid Ion Batteries

“…It is similar to LIBs and operates by shuttling the Li ions between the electrodes . Currently, a plenty of literatures have been reported on hybrid Mg−Li batteries with different cathodes, such as TiS 2 (1.4 V, vs. Mg/Mg 2+ ), Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (0.5 V, vs. Mg/Mg 2+ ), LiCrTiO 4 (0.62 V, vs. Mg/Mg 2+ ), FeS 2 (0.7 V, vs. Mg/Mg 2+ ), MLi 2 Ti 6 O 14 (0.62 V, vs. Mg/Mg 2+ ) . Nevertheless, the limited electrochemical performance of these hybrid Mg−Li batteries is not satisfactory.…”

Self-supporting V2O5 nanofiber-based electrodes for magnesium–lithium-ion hybrid batteries

“…These intercalation potentials are similar to vanadium oxide-based cathodes, 20,21 and comparable to other oxide-based cathode materials. 17,19,28 The following simplied reactions for the V 2 O 5 cathode occur during the discharge process:…”

“…3d). The reported cathode materials include oxide-based materials, 8,[17][18][19][20][21]28 suldes, 9,10,13 carbides, 29 selenides 14 and phosphates. 15 The comparison reveals that our V 2 O 5 nanober-based cathode with its high storage capacity of 386 mA h g À1 is superior to almost all other reported cathode materials.…”

“…These include Mo 6 S 8 , 9 dichalcogenides, 10-14 phosphates 15 and metal oxides. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Although the working principle and intercalation mechanisms of these cathode materials has been proven, some of them lag behind in working voltage and energy density. Therefore, the development of MLIBs requires further research in respect to high voltage cathode materials delivering high energy densities.…”

“…(c) Voltage-capacity profiles (2 nd cycle) for the current densities of 500, 200 and 100 mA g À1 . (d) Comparison of the V 2 O 5 cathode to other cathode materials, including oxides,8,[17][18][19][20][21]28 sulfides,9,10,13 carbides, 29 selenides 14 and phosphates 15.…”