Liberia

Olonisakin, Funmi

doi:10.1057/9781403982209_5

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…As usual, the highest price was paid by civilians: it is estimated that the war in Liberia had cost more than 200,000 lives, along with massive displacement. 26 The main DDR programme in Liberia started prematurely, and inauspiciously. This is significant in underlining the dangers of outside agencies failing to accept advice from national actors.…”

Section: Background: Liberia and Sierra Leonementioning

confidence: 99%

Does a more participatory approach to reintegrating ex-combatants lead to better outcomes? Evidence from Sierra Leone and Liberia

Kilroy

2014

Conflict, Security & Development

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Peace agreements and ceasefires may be signed, but whether they hold is another question. Rather than being single events, they are embedded in a peace process, which often begins long before any signatures are added, and can continue even longer afterwards. Supporting this process, with all the scaffolding required for social, political, institutional and physical reconstruction, is what we now know as peacebuilding. And a key component in that task is dealing with the combatants who took part in the armed conflict, and whose existence and actions can contribute to the peace process or undermine it. Programmes for the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants have therefore come to be regarded as an essential part of the peace-builder's toolkit. They have quite properly been described by the UN as often being 'at the nexus of peacekeeping, postconflict peacebuilding and development'. 1 Attempts to measure the immediate results of DDR have shown mixed results. Some studies indicate real benefits for those ex-combatants who took part in reintegration programmes, in terms of their social and economic well-being, for example in Liberia. 2 Others have failed to measure any significant benefit in Sierra Leone, 3 or have highlighted significant difficulties in trying to bring about social and economic reintegration, 4 especially for women. One of the difficulties with reintegration programmes is that they interact with a wide range of issues, from security sector reform and transitional justice, 5 to political and economic reconstruction. Sometimes the boundaries and lines of responsibility are not clear. The need for a holistic, integrated approach has long been recognised. 6 However, putting this into practice remains a challenge. DDR programmes come in a variety of forms, and some do not actually use the title. According to the review of the 22 programmes underway in 2006, 7 about a third come under the authority of national bodies, though nearly all rely on international funding. Most (16) include specific programmes for children. There are many obstacles to implementing a programme effectively, including security concerns and lack of infrastructure or capacity in the immediate postwar environment. There may be an understandable desire to show quick results and 'keep the ex-combatants busy' at a time when tensions or spoilers could destabilise an agreement. There are a wide range of actors with different interests, from large international agencies and organised armed groups to disempowered communities or struggling national ministries. Perhaps the greatest problems have been the exclusion of girls and women, 8 and the question of ex-combatants failing to find livelihoods after they have gone through reintegration. This is hardly surprising, given the context of extreme poverty and economic disruption which may be Ã Ã ¼ p , 0.05 Blank cells: No significant effect observed Key to tests used I: Individual regression analysis (variable on its own, with control variables) G: Grouped regressio...

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Section: Background: Liberia and Sierra Leonementioning

confidence: 99%

Does a more participatory approach to reintegrating ex-combatants lead to better outcomes? Evidence from Sierra Leone and Liberia

Kilroy

2014

Conflict, Security & Development

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“…The challenges of the protocol have not helped in curtailing human trafficking in the sub-region. While ECOWAS prides itself as the first region in Africa with the free movement initiative, it is evident that the protocol is woefully implemented as it constitutes more security damage with an increase in the trafficking of persons than augmenting regional trade and economic development (Olonisakin 2008).…”

Section: Ecowas Protocol On Free Movement and The Challenges Of Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The protocol to liberalise trans-border mobility is borne out of the need to promote regional trade and engender regional integration. It is believed that this economic integration will increase wealth and better the lot of the community citizens (Olonisakin 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Community of West African States’ Protocol on Free Movement and the Challenges of Human Trafficking in West Africa

Sowale

2018

Insight on Africa

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The article examines the Economic Community of West African States' (ECOWAS) protocol on free movement and the challenges of human trafficking in West Africa. It investigates the implication of ECOWAS protocol on free movement on human trafficking in West Africa. The data used for the study were obtained through secondary sources. The finding shows that protocol on the free movement of a person is a precursor for increase in human trafficking in West Africa due to border porosity. Based on the findings, it was suggested that the ECOWAS intensify more efforts with its member states to solve their economic problems as the vulnerability of human trafficking is from the low-performing economies in West Africa. In addition, it was also suggested that the ECOWAS should step up effort to bring to account the perpetrators of human trafficking.

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“…The preservation of this role for the RECs stems from a recognition that their proximity to different conflicts may provide them with a better understanding of the dynamics, key players, and context-specific management and resolution options relevant to such conflicts. 108 Also, unlike its predecessor, the AU PSC Protocol recognizes that addressing threats to peace and security on the African continent requires collaboration among a number of different bodies within the AU. For example, the AU PSC is required to maintain a close working relationship with the Pan African Parliament, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, and civil society organizations.…”

Section: Psc Will Seek Financial or Military Assistance From The Un Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Arrangements and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The Role of the African Union Peace and Security Council

Majinge¹

2011

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de dro

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SummaryThis article examines the role of regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) in the maintenance of international peace and security. The African Union Peace and Security Council (AU PSC), the organ within the AU charged with addressing threats to international peace and security on the African continent, is used as a case study. The author contends that the major challenges facing regional arrangements in exercising mandates under Article 53 of the UN Charter of the United Nations have more to do with inadequate financial and logistical resources than the nature of those mandates. Taking the AU’s role in Somalia, Sudan, and other African countries as examples, the article demonstrates that the AU PSC has failed to achieve its objective of maintaining peace and security precisely because the United Nations (UN) Security Council — a more powerful and better resourced organ — has failed to live up to its responsibility of extending the assistance necessary to enable the AU PSC to perform its functions. Consequently, the author concludes that the UN Security Council, when delegating powers to regional arrangements to maintain international peace and security, should provide adequate resources to such regional arrangements, especially those that will otherwise have minimal or no capacity to fulfil their mandate effectively.

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Liberia

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Does a more participatory approach to reintegrating ex-combatants lead to better outcomes? Evidence from Sierra Leone and Liberia

Does a more participatory approach to reintegrating ex-combatants lead to better outcomes? Evidence from Sierra Leone and Liberia

Economic Community of West African States’ Protocol on Free Movement and the Challenges of Human Trafficking in West Africa

Regional Arrangements and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The Role of the African Union Peace and Security Council

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