Li4Ti5O12 hollow macrospheres combine high tap density and excellent low-temperature performance as anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Meng, Qihan; Hao, Qingfei; Chen, Fei; Wang, Lei; Li, Na; Sun, Xudong

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113089

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The densities of each material used were 0.91, 0.16, 1.3, and 0.842 g cm −3 for SEBS, SuperP, LTO, and camphene, respectively. These density values were either supplied by the manufacturer (SuperP and SEBS) or concur with experimental literature (LTO) 30,31 and provided consistent results. All components were measured out by having the desired volume fraction converted to mass to ensure accuracy in active material loading.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 67%

A Balancing Act: Experimental Insights into the Volume Fraction of Conductive Additive in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Lauro,

Broekhuis,

Papa

et al. 2024

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lithium-ion battery electrodes are traditionally comprised of a cathode or anode material, a carbon conductive additive, and a polymeric binder. The conductive additive and binder are traditionally considered electrochemically inactive; however, the organization of the carbon-binder matrix in 3D space significantly alters electrode physical properties such as electrical conductivity and porosity, resulting in changes to electrochemical performance. While many experimental studies have altered the mass fraction and type of conductive additive, this study systematically studies the volume fraction of electrode components. Electrodes composed of lithium titanate (LTO) active material and SuperP conductive additive across six different electrode compositions from 20–70 vol% LTO and three different electrode film thicknesses of approximately 70, 125, and 225 μm were evaluated. Electrode structures were observed via scanning electron microscopy and electronic conductivities were measured with 4-point probe analysis. Notably, electrochemical performance described as different figures of merit are maximized for different electrode compositions. For example, while thin electrodes with maximal volume fractions of LTO achieve superior volumetric energy density, power density is maximized for thicker electrodes with an optimal volume fraction of conductive additive. This study demonstrates the importance of balancing overpotential arising from ohmic drop and concentration polarization.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 67%

A Balancing Act: Experimental Insights into the Volume Fraction of Conductive Additive in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Lauro,

Broekhuis,

Papa

et al. 2024

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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show abstract

“…In this respect, the liquid-state method and the sol–gel method needing many organic reagents in the process are more expensive than the solid-state process but allow for better control of the size of the nanoparticles. Other parameters are the tap density and the mass loading, considered only in a few works [ 416 , 530 ]. Further investigations should then focus on these parameters to further extend the industrialization application of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 in advanced energy storage devices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…iii) The Li 2 Ti 3 O 7 hollow macrospheres were heated under an Ar atmosphere at 600–900 °C for 5 h. This material delivered excellent low-temperature performance even at a high mass loading (5 g cm −2 ). At −20 °C, the specific capacities achieved at 1C and 5C are 136.5 and 107.6 mAh g −1 , respectively, stable over the 500 cycles that have been tested [ 530 ]. This synthesis provides insight into the design of an LTO anode for high mass loading at low temperatures, which outperforms the conventional LTO prepared by solid-state reaction.…”

Section: Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Julien,

Mauger

2024

Micromachines

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The most popular anode material in commercial Li-ion batteries is still graphite. However, its low intercalation potential is close to that of lithium, which results in the dendritic growth of lithium at its surface, and the formation of a passivation film that limits the rate capability and may result in safety hazards. High-performance anodes are thus needed. In this context, lithium titanite oxide (LTO) has attracted attention as this anode material has important advantages. Due to its higher lithium intercalation potential (1.55 V vs. Li+/Li), the dendritic deposition of lithium is avoided, and the safety is increased. In addition, LTO is a zero-strain material, as the volume change upon lithiation-delithiation is negligible, which increases the cycle life of the battery. Finally, the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in LTO (2 × 10−8 cm2 s−1) is larger than in graphite, which, added to the fact that the dendritic effect is avoided, increases importantly the rate capability. The LTO anode has two drawbacks. The energy density of the cells equipped with LTO anode is lower compared with the same cells with graphite anode, because the capacity of LTO is limited to 175 mAh g−1, and because of the higher redox potential. The main drawback, however, is the low electrical conductivity (10−13 S cm−1) and ionic conductivity (10−13–10−9 cm2 s−1). Different strategies have been used to address this drawback: nano-structuration of LTO to reduce the path of Li+ ions and electrons inside LTO, ion doping, and incorporation of conductive nanomaterials. The synthesis of LTO with the appropriate structure and the optimized doping and the synthesis of composites incorporating conductive materials is thus the key to achieving high-rate capability. That is why a variety of synthesis recipes have been published on the LTO-based anodes. The progress in the synthesis of LTO-based anodes in recent years is such that LTO is now considered a substitute for graphite in lithium-ion batteries for many applications, including electric cars and energy storage to solve intermittence problems of wind mills and photovoltaic plants. In this review, we examine the different techniques performed to fabricate LTO nanostructures. Details of the synthesis recipes and their relation to electrochemical performance are reported, allowing the extraction of the most powerful synthesis processes in relation to the recent experimental results.

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Stable deposition/stripping of lithium metal for long lifespan batteries by shielding electrical double layer interference with a lithiated TiO2 cap

Wang,

Xu,

et al. 2024

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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Li4Ti5O12 hollow macrospheres combine high tap density and excellent low-temperature performance as anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Cited by 4 publications

References 55 publications

A Balancing Act: Experimental Insights into the Volume Fraction of Conductive Additive in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

A Balancing Act: Experimental Insights into the Volume Fraction of Conductive Additive in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Stable deposition/stripping of lithium metal for long lifespan batteries by shielding electrical double layer interference with a lithiated TiO2 cap

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