Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al, and Ca Anode Interface Chemistries Developed by Solid‐State Electrolytes

Abstract

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) have received significant attention due to their high energy density, reversible cycle life, and safe operations relative to commercial Li‐ion batteries using flammable liquid electrolytes. This review presents the fundamentals, structures, thermodynamics, chemistries, and electrochemical kinetics of desirable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) required to meet the practical requirements of reversible anodes. Theoretical and experimental insights for metal nucleation, deposition, and stripping for the reversible cycling of metal anodes are provided. Ion transport mechanisms and state‐of‐the‐art solid‐state electrolytes (SEs) are discussed for realizing high‐performance cells. The interface challenges and strategies are also concerned with the integration of SEs, anodes, and cathodes for large‐scale SSBs in terms of physical/chemical contacts, space‐charge layer, interdiffusion, lattice‐mismatch, dendritic growth, chemical reactivity of SEI, current collectors, and thermal instability. The recent innovations for anode interface chemistries developed by SEs are highlighted with monovalent (lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+)) and multivalent (magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), aluminum (Al3+), calcium (Ca2+)) cation carriers (i.e., lithium‐metal, lithium‐sulfur, sodium‐metal, potassium‐ion, magnesium‐ion, zinc‐metal, aluminum‐ion, and calcium‐ion batteries) compared to those of liquid counterparts.

Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Solid-State Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

“…Moreover, the operational durability of SSBs significantly surpasses that of traditional LIBs. This durability stems from the solid electrolytes' resistance to degradation mechanisms, such as electrolyte evaporation and dendrite formation, which plague LIBs [60,61]. Consequently, the extended lifespan of SSBs reduces the frequency of battery replacement, diminishing the environmental impact associated with the production and disposal of batteries [61].…”

“…Consequently, the extended lifespan of SSBs reduces the frequency of battery replacement, diminishing the environmental impact associated with the production and disposal of batteries [61]. This aspect is particularly relevant in applications with high energy demands and long operational life expectancies, such as electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems, where the longevity of SSBs can lead to a notable decrease in the lifecycle carbon footprint [60].…”

Rational Design of Ni-Doped V2O5@3D Ni Core/Shell Composites for High-Voltage and High-Rate Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

“…However, energy density limitations [ 6 ], high cost and environmental issues limit further applications of LIBs [ 7 ]. To overcome these issues, researchers are exploring the feasibility of other active metals in energy storage devices to replace LIBs in the future [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Phase Change Nanocapsules Enabling Dual-Mode Thermal Management for Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…24−26 Meanwhile, the degradation of the electrode structure at high temperatures is hardly avoidable. Since side reactions, metal-cation dissolution, and solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) growth determine capacity fading at elevated temperatures, 27,28 developing thermal management systems should consider the operation in a wide temperature range. In this regard, a thermal regulator with efficient dual functionalities of heating and heat storage becomes essential for fast-charging LIBs.…”

“…For the fast-charging LIBs in room or warmer environments, the accumulated heat by heat release results in a high operating temperature, which shortens the life span (the calendar life is approximately halved with a temperature rise of 13 °C) and becomes a risk to trigger thermal runaway. − Meanwhile, the degradation of the electrode structure at high temperatures is hardly avoidable. Since side reactions, metal-cation dissolution, and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth determine capacity fading at elevated temperatures, , developing thermal management systems should consider the operation in a wide temperature range. In this regard, a thermal regulator with efficient dual functionalities of heating and heat storage becomes essential for fast-charging LIBs.…”