Li–air batteries: air stability of lithium metal anodes

In Situ Construction of a LiF/LiCl-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Lithium Ion Unimpeded Transport

“…Increasing energy demand and concerns about the safety of power batteries have prompted the development of more advanced battery technologies. Consequently, batteries with high specific energy and high safety are the inevitable pursuit of researchers. − A lithium metal anode with an extremely high theoretical specific capacity of 3860 mAh g –1 and the lowest electrochemical potential of −3.04 V is considered the Holy Grail of lithium-based batteries. − Lithium metal can be compatible with different types of cathode materials to obtain high specific energy lithium metal batteries, such as Li–S batteries matching sulfur cathode with 1675 mAh g –1 theoretical specific capacity, lithium–air batteries with 3500 Wh kg –1 ultrahigh theoretical energy density (LAB), and lithium transition metal oxide (Li-LMO) batteries. − Therefore, it is a strong competitor for the next generation of anode materials. However, the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites, side reactions between electrolyte interfaces, and the numerous volume and morphological changes that can occur during cycling hinders the commercialization of lithium metal anodes. − Among these, the uncontrolled dendrite growth caused by uneven Li deposition during cycling is a significant challenge that lithium metal batteries need to overcome …”

Recent Progress of Halide Redox Mediators in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries: Functions, Challenges, and Perspectives

“…Growing concerns over the depletion of fossil fuels and damage to the environment call for clean energy storage technologies like rechargeable batteries. , Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the dominant power option in the past 30 years but are restricted by their low energy density (<300 Wh/kg) related to their intercalation chemistry. − Moving from intercalation chemistry to conversion chemistry, lithium–air batteries (LABs), also called lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) in the lab stage with pure O 2 as the reactant, have gained much attention owing to their high theoretical energy density (∼3500 Wh/kg), making them promising alternatives to conventional LIBs. − However, currently, several critical issues associated with the Li anode, the electrolyte, and especially the air cathode of LOBs have been puzzling. − As a result of the multi-electron-transfer reactions and the undesirable contact of insulating discharge products deposited on the cathode surface, the kinetics of the electro-oxidation of discharge products are sluggish, leading to large charge overpotentials. − The high potential as well as reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) formed during the charge process would incur severe side reactions and further cause poor cyclability and low energy efficiency of the system. ,− …”

Constructing Sn-Cu2O Lithiophilicity Nanowires as Stable and High-Performance Lithium Metal Anodes

“…With the rapid development of electric vehicles and electronic devices, the demand for high-energy-density batteries has surged. 1,2 In this context, lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have gained considerable attention as an ideal choice. The Li metal, with its extremely high theoretical capacity (3860 mA h g −1 ), lowest reduction potential (3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), and low weight density (0.53 g cm −3 ), is regarded as the "holy grail" for manufacturing more efficient electric vehicles compared with lithium-ion batteries.…”

“…With the rapid development of electric vehicles and electronic devices, the demand for high-energy-density batteries has surged. , In this context, lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have gained considerable attention as an ideal choice. The Li metal, with its extremely high theoretical capacity (3860 mA h g –1 ), lowest reduction potential (3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), and low weight density (0.53 g cm –3 ), is regarded as the “holy grail” for manufacturing more efficient electric vehicles compared with lithium-ion batteries. − However, the utilization of LMBs also presents a series of challenges during charge/discharge cycles, such as poor cycle life, inferior stability, and safety concerns, posing significant obstacles to their commercial application. − These challenges include the following: (1) irregular dendrite growth that can puncture the separator, leading to short circuits and safety issues − ; (2) inferior cycle performance caused by continuous side reactions toward the Li metal and considerable “dead lithium” formation − ; (3) complete anode pulverization and electrical failure evoked by infinite volume change. , Therefore, overcoming the above-mentioned obstacles is crucial for mitigating the cycling deficiencies of LMBs.…”