LHRH neurons and their projections in humans and other mammals: Species comparisons

King, Joan C.; Anthony, Edythe L. P.

doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90277-8

Cited by 150 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2). The distribution and number of cells hybridized for GnRH mRNA were similar to those reported in the male ferret (11) and those found to be immunoreactive for GnRH protein in ferrets of both sexes (12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Distribution Of Neurons Containing Gnrh Mrnasupporting

confidence: 67%

Changes in Mediobasal Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Induced by Mating or Ovariectomy in a Reflex Ovulator, the Ferret*

1999

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Section: Distribution Of Neurons Containing Gnrh Mrnasupporting

confidence: 67%

Changes in Mediobasal Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Induced by Mating or Ovariectomy in a Reflex Ovulator, the Ferret*

1999

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“…I), with some LHRH neuronal cell bodies extending into the pituitary stalk, a s described previously (6,7). This distribution was noted with both antisera AR 744 and RM 1076.…”

Section: Lhrh-immunopositive Perikarya and Vaginocervical Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 63%

Vaginocervical Stimulation of Ferrets Induces Release of Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone

Bibeau

Tobet

Anthony

et al. 1991

J Neuroendocrinology

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Vaginocervical stimulation of ovariectomized estradiol-primed ferrets (which a r e reflex ovulators) with a glass rod in the presence of a neck-gripping male induced an increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) from undetectable levels (20.50 nglml) before Stimulation, to 2.4k0.43 ng/ml 75 min after stimulation (stimulated females). Forty-eight h after stimulation plasma LH returned to baseline levels (post-stimulated females). A significant decrease in the number of perikarya containing LH-releasing hormone (LHRH), detected by immunocytochemistry, was associated with the increase in plasma LH following stimulation. Approximately one half of the number of immunoreactive LHRH neurons (243+27) were detected in t h e forebrain of stimulated females, compared to those detected in the forebrain of post-stimulated animals (436+88) using antiserum AR 744. Equivalent results were obtained with a different antiserum (RM 1076) capable of detecting the extended decapeptide, or precursor, as well as partially or fully processed decapeptide.We conclude that controlled vaginocervical stimulation of female ferrets evokes the release of LHRH as well as LH, depleting approximately 50% of the LHRH perikarya of detectable LHRH. Additionally, electron microscopy of LHRH perikarya of stimulated females revealed more Golgi complexeslcell compared to baseline females. W e propose that vaginocervical stimulation also augments the processing of extended precursor forms of LHRH to generate the decapeptide.The neural, chemical and environmental stimuli that regulate the tiniilig of ovulation ultimately transfer information to hypothalanile ncurocndocrine cells, and thereby alter the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). The mechanisms whcrcby these stimuli interact to induce release of LHRH are un6 Tiown. Further. these stimuli may also be important in regulating Lhe biosynthesis or processing of preproLHRH.U u havc recently demonstrated a progressive augmentation in Proloin synthesizing organelles (i.e. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and associated vesicles) within LHRH perikarya of civariectomized rats. These morphological alterations within Lf~1ftf-I perikarya occurred as plasma LH levels escalated subxc]clcnt to ovariectomy. Accompanying thesc intraneuronal a h ;Ilions, we observed modifications in synaptic profiles in the net11 Opil surrounding the LHRH perikarya (1). The increases in synaptic profiles also correlated with elevations of plasma LH fOlic)wing ovariectomy in the rat. These findings are consistent With the hypothesis that the signals mediating LHRH release ma!. 4so mediate synthesis/processing of LHRH precursor, generatill! physiologically active decapeptide. -~ ~~In this study we utilized an induced ovulator, the ferret (2-4), to examine alterations that occur within LHRH neurons in response to stimulation leading to elevated plasma LH levels. Carroll and associates ( 5 ) have established that penile intromission is the stimulus that is necessary to induce ovulation in ferrets;...

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“…This number is significantly higher than previously thought. Indeed, using immunohistochemistry, many laboratories have assessed the number and distribution of GnRH neurons in the brains of several mammalian species, with estimates ranging from 800 cells in the entire brain in adult rodents to 2000 neurons in the hypothalamus of adult primates (Crowley et al, 2008;King and Anthony, 1984;Latimer et al, 2000;Silverman et al, 1982;Tobet et al, 2001). It is worth noting that the number of GnRH neurons in mice is higher during embryonic development (1000-1200 neurons) and declines at adulthood (Messina et al, 2011;Parkash et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains

et al. 2016

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Fertility in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These neurons differentiate in the olfactory placodes during embryogenesis and migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus before birth. Information regarding this process in humans is sparse. Here, we adapted new tissue-clearing and whole-mount immunohistochemical techniques to entire human embryos/fetuses to meticulously study this system during the first trimester of gestation in the largest series of human fetuses examined to date. Combining these cutting-edge techniques with conventional immunohistochemistry, we provide the first chronological and quantitative analysis of GnRH neuron origins, differentiation and migration, as well as a 3D atlas of their distribution in the fetal brain. We reveal not only that the number of GnRHimmunoreactive neurons in humans is significantly higher than previously thought, but that GnRH cells migrate into several extrahypothalamic brain regions in addition to the hypothalamus. Their presence in these areas raises the possibility that GnRH has non-reproductive roles, creating new avenues for research on GnRH functions in cognitive, behavioral and physiological processes.

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LHRH neurons and their projections in humans and other mammals: Species comparisons

Cited by 150 publications

References 23 publications

Changes in Mediobasal Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Induced by Mating or Ovariectomy in a Reflex Ovulator, the Ferret*

Changes in Mediobasal Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Induced by Mating or Ovariectomy in a Reflex Ovulator, the Ferret*

Vaginocervical Stimulation of Ferrets Induces Release of Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone

Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains

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