Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments.

Larsen, Randy J.; Mercer, Kimberly A.; Balota, David A.

doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.62

Cited by 199 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Emotional words, such as words having a positive or negative valence like "pleasure, love, winner" versus "loser, discomfort, sickness", form a special semantic category in the sense that the underlying semantic representation can be considered to be richer relative to neutral words, because of the additional emotional and motivational polarity which will induce an automatic categorization of the words according to a positivity / negativity dimension (e.g., Bradley, 2000). Many studies outside the STM domain have shown that emotional words elicit selective responding relative to neutral words, such as in lexical decision, naming, automatic response inhibition and vigilance tasks (Algom, Chajut, & Lev, 2004;Estes & Verges, 2008;Kanske & Kotz, 2007;Kousta, Vinson, & Vigliocco, 2009;Larser, Mercer & Balota, 2006;Pratto & John, 1991). This effect of emotional words cannot be simply reduced to an enhanced word concreteness effect.…”

Section: The Impact Of Emotional Semantic Content On Stmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory: Further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words

Majerus

D’Argembeau

2011

Journal of Memory and Language

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Many studies suggest that long-term lexical-semantic knowledge is an important determinant of verbal short-term memory (STM) performance. This study explored the impact of emotional valence on word immediate serial recall as a further lexico-semantic long-term memory (LTM) effect on STM. This effect is particularly interesting for the study of STM-LTM interactions since emotional words not only activate specific lexico-semantic LTM features but also capture attentional resources, and hence allow for the study of both LTM and attentional factors on STM tasks. In Experiments 1 and 2, we observed a robust effect of emotional valence on pure list recall in both young and elderly adults, with higher recall performance for emotional lists as opposed to neutral lists, as predicted by increased LTM support for emotional words. In Experiments 3 and 4 however, using mixed lists, it was the lists containing a minority of emotional words which led to higher recall performance over lists containing a majority of emotional words. This was predicted by a weak version of the attentional capture account. These data add new evidence to the theoretical position that LTM knowledge is a critical determinant of STM performance, with further, list-type dependent intervention of attentional factors. words 3There is a substantial body of research showing that verbal short-term memory (STM) is not an autonomous cognitive function, but instead recruits linguistic knowledge bases to a very large extent. The present study explored a further potential long-term memory (LTM) effect on STM performance, the impact of emotional-semantic knowledge associated with emotional words. The impact of verbal LTM on STMMany studies show that the linguistic properties of the words, such as lexical status, lexical frequency, phonotactic frequency, word imageability, have a direct impact on their recall probability during a STM task (Gathercole, Frankish, Pickering & Peaker, 1999;Hulme et al., 1997;Majerus & Van der Linden, 2003;Roodenrys, Hulme, Alban, & Ellis, 1994;Walker & Hulme, 1999). The most prototypical effect is the lexicality effect, characterized by higher recall performance for lists composed of familiar words, as opposed to lists composed of nonwords (e.g., Gathercole et al., 1999;Hulme, Maughan & Brown, 1991).These effects have been shown to be independent of articulatory rehearsal factors (e.g., Gathercole et al., 1999;Hulme et al., 1991). The existence of these psycholinguistic effects has been interpreted as reflecting the influence of phonological, lexical and semantic language representations stored in LTM on verbal STM (Hulme et al., 1991). On the one hand, this LTM support is supposed to function at the level of retrieval, when the decayed STM traced is reconstructed via corresponding LTM representations: the more available and familiar these representations are, the more efficient these reconstruction processes will be (the so-called redintegration process) (Hulme et al., 1997;Gathercole et al., 1999;Schweickert, 1993). Other th...

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Section: The Impact Of Emotional Semantic Content On Stmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory: Further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words

Majerus

D’Argembeau

2011

Journal of Memory and Language

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“…Twelve words for each category were selected. Because length and average orthographic neighborhood (Footnote 3) tend to be related to word recognition speed (Larsen, Mercer, & Balota, 2006), we analyzed these important lexical characteristics. The words in these four categories did not differ neither in length, F (3, 9) = .49, p > .50, nor in orthographic neighborhood, F (3, 9) = .23, p > .50.…”

Section: Accessibility Of Aggression-and To Fear-related Semantic Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the effects of Unreal violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?

Arriaga

Esteves²,

Carneiro

et al. 2008

Aggressive Behavior

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This study was conducted to analyze the short‐term effects of violent electronic games, played with or without a virtual reality (VR) device, on the instigation of aggressive behavior. Physiological arousal (heart rate (HR)), priming of aggressive thoughts, and state hostility were also measured to test their possible mediation on the relationship between playing the violent game (VG) and aggression. The participants—148 undergraduate students—were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: two groups played a violent computer game (Unreal Tournament), and the other two a non‐violent game (Motocross Madness), half with a VR device and the remaining participants on the computer screen. In order to assess the game effects the following instruments were used: a BIOPAC System MP100 to measure HR, an Emotional Stroop task to analyze the priming of aggressive and fear thoughts, a self‐report State Hostility Scale to measure hostility, and a competitive reaction‐time task to assess aggressive behavior. The main results indicated that the violent computer game had effects on state hostility and aggression. Although no significant mediation effect could be detected, regression analyses showed an indirect effect of state hostility between playing a VG and aggression. Aggr. Behav. 34:521–538, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…Although an advantage for negative words has not been consistently reported, especially using tasks such as the Emotional Stroop task where negative words tend to lead to slower RTs (but see Larsen, Mercer, and Balota, 2006 for a review), a general difference in processing emotional vs. neutral words is well established.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing advantage for emotional words in bilingual speakers.

Ponari¹,

Rodríguez-Cuadrado²,

Vinson³

et al. 2015

Emotion

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Effects of emotion on word processing are well established in monolingual speakers. However, studies that have assessed whether affective features of words undergo the same processing in a native and nonnative language have provided mixed results: Studies that have found differences between native language (L1) and second language (L2) processing attributed the difference to the fact that L2 learned late in life would not be processed affectively, because affective associations are established during childhood. Other studies suggest that adult learners show similar effects of emotional features in L1 and L2. Differences in affective processing of L2 words can be linked to age and context of learning, proficiency, language dominance, and degree of similarity between L2 and L1. Here, in a lexical decision task on tightly matched negative, positive, and neutral words, highly proficient English speakers from typologically different L1s showed the same facilitation in processing emotionally valenced words as native English speakers, regardless of their L1, the age of English acquisition, or the frequency and context of English use.

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Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments.

Cited by 199 publications

References 25 publications

Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory: Further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words

Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory: Further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words

Are the effects of Unreal violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?

Processing advantage for emotional words in bilingual speakers.

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