Levitated electromechanics: all-electrical cooling of charged nano- and micro-particles

Goldwater, Daniel; Stickler, Benjamin A.; Martinetz, Lukas; Northup, Tracy E.; Hornberger, Klaus; Millen, James

doi:10.1088/2058-9565/aaf5f3

Cited by 55 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Indeed, optically levitated silica particles have had their centerof-mass motion cooled to millikelvin [11][12][13][14] and sub-millikelvin [15,16] temperatures, whereas nanodiamonds [17,18] have been used for spin coupling experiments [19,20]. Other levitation mechanisms, such as Paul traps [21], hybrid electro-optical traps [22], and magnetic traps [23][24][25] have also been proposed as candidates for preparing macroscopic quantum states [26][27][28] and testing spontaneous collapse models [29,30]. In order for any of these resonator systems to approach the quantum regime, their motion must first be cooled to close to the ground state, which can be achieved with cryogenically cooling the environment or with active feedback schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, cooling the motion of charged nanoparticles by applying an electric field which is at the same frequency of the particle's motion has been demonstrated [16,37] and implemented with optimal control protocols [38] for optical traps, as well as proposed for electrical traps [26]. A charged needle, placed in the vacuum chamber close to the laser focus, has been used for force sensing applications [39] and investigations of Fano resonances [40] in levitated optomechanics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal control for feedback cooling in cavityless levitated optomechanics

et al. 2019

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We consider feedback cooling in a cavityless levitated optomechanics setup, and we investigate the possibility to improve the feedback implementation. We apply optimal control theory to derive the optimal feedback signal both for quadratic (parametric) and linear (electric) feedback. We numerically compare optimal feedback against the typical feedback implementation used for experiments. In order to do so, we implement a state estimation scheme that takes into account the modulation of the laser intensity. We show that such an implementation allows us to increase the feedback strength, leading to faster cooling rates and lower center-of-mass temperatures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal control for feedback cooling in cavityless levitated optomechanics

et al. 2019

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“…For small oscillations (i.e. in a linear optical potential), this technique produces a signal for motion in the q-direction proportional to [55], and superconducting particles induce a current in anti-Helmholtz pick-up coils (right) [56].…”

Section: A Detection and Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optomechanics with levitated particles

et al. 2020

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Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro-and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent lowdissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 10 6 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing. * Electronic address: james.millen@kcl.ac.uk arXiv:1907.08198v1 [physics.optics] 18 Jul 2019It is a pleasant coincidence, that whilst writing this review the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 was jointly awarded to the American scientist Arthur Ashkin, for his development of optical tweezers. By focusing a beam of light, small objects can be manipulated through radiation pressure and/or gradient forces. This technology is now available offthe-shelf due to its applicability in the bio-and medical-sciences, where it has found utility in studying cells and other microscopic entities.The pleasant coincidences continue, when one notes that the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Weiss, Thorne and Barish for their work on the LIGO gravitational wave detector. This amazingly precise experiment is, ultimately, an optomechanical device, where the position of a mechanical oscillator is monitored via its coupling to an optical cavity. The field of optomechanics is in the ascendency [1], showing great promise in the development of quantum technologies and force sensing. These applications are somewhat limited by unavoidable energy dissipation and thermal loading at the nanoscale [2], which despite impressive progress in soft-clamping technology [3] means that these technologies will likely always operate in cryogenic environments.Enter the work of Ashkin: he showed that dielectric particles could be levitated and cooled under vacuum conditions in 1977 [4]. By levitating particles at low pressures, they naturally decouple from the thermal environment, and since the mechanical mode is the centre-of-mass motion of a particle, energy dissipation via strain vanishes. The field of levitated optomechanics really took off in 2010, when three independent proposals illustrated that levitated nanoparticles could be coupled to optical cavities [5][6][7]. This promises cooling to the quantum regime, and state engineering once you are t...

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“…Instead of detecting the oscillating particle using an optomechanical setup, it has been proposed to use a direct electrical detection [50]. To this end, a pair of electrodes, for instance two endcaps, are used to detect the motion of the particle along the axis orthogonal to them.…”

Section: Electrical Readout With a Squidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing collapse models with levitated nanoparticles: Detection challenge

et al. 2019

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We consider a nanoparticle levitated in a Paul trap in ultrahigh cryogenic vacuum, and look for the conditions which allow for a stringent noninterferometric test of spontaneous collapse models. In particular we compare different possible techniques to detect the particle motion. Key conditions which need to be achieved are extremely low residual pressure and the ability to detect the particle at ultralow power. We compare three different detection approaches based respectively on a optical cavity, optical tweezer and a electrical readout, and for each one we assess advantages, drawbacks and technical challenges.

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Levitated electromechanics: all-electrical cooling of charged nano- and micro-particles

Cited by 55 publications

References 59 publications

Optimal control for feedback cooling in cavityless levitated optomechanics

Optimal control for feedback cooling in cavityless levitated optomechanics

Optomechanics with levitated particles

Testing collapse models with levitated nanoparticles: Detection challenge

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