“…Small and medium spectator events show mixed results as to whether or not the event had stimulated sport participation, as two studies concluded that the event under investigation had positively impacted sport participation (i.e., Ramchandani and Coleman, 2012 ; Ramchandani et al, 2015 ), while three studies concluded that the event had no impact on sport participation (i.e., Taks et al, 2014 ; Hodgetts and Duncan, 2015 ; Misener et al, 2015b ). Interestingly, six of the studies found mixed results in that there was not enough evidence to support a claim of increased participation or there was increased participation among certain populations and no changes in participation among others (i.e., Taks et al, 2013 , 2015 , 2018 ; Derom and VanWynsberghe, 2015 ; Misener, 2015 ; Hoskyn et al, 2018 ). There is an additional gap with regard to the role of smaller sport events in contributing to sport participation outcomes.…”