Leveraging green communications for carbon emission reductions: Techniques, testbeds, and emerging carbon footprint standards

Despins, Charles; Labeau, Fabrice; Ngoc, Tho Le; Labelle, Richard; Cheriet, Mohamed; Thibeault, Claude; Gagnon, François; Leon-Garcia, Alberto; Cherkaoui, Omar; Arnaud, Bill St.; McNeill, Judith; Lemieux, Yves; Lemay, Mathieu

doi:10.1109/mcom.2011.5978422

Cited by 59 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future due to the advances in multicore processors, accelerators, and increasing levels of parallelism across all layers of system hierarchy. Aside from the bandwidth boom that requires massive-scale interconnection solutions, the information and communications technologies (ICT) industry is estimated to contribute 2 to 3 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, a share that is rapidly increasing [7]. Data centers, being ICT infrastructure, thus need to be revisited in terms of interconnection design to support very large scales while leading to ultimate footprint and power savings.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Testa¹,

Pavesi²

2018

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This thesis presents advanced optical connectivity solutions for next-generation data centers, spanning millions of processing cores. The wavelength routing of optical packets based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), tunable wavelength converters (TWCs), and fiber delay lines (FDLs) is a disruptive technology for capacity, footprint, and flexibility requirements of massive cloud data centers. We develop a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) design based on Birkhoff-von Neumann architecture as a bitrate transparent, scalable solution to switching bottlenecks in data center networks. As no mature all-optical buffering technology is currently available, central to our design is the buffering strategy that we adopt to store contending packets. Due to the limited number of FDLs, packet drops are common in optical packet switching (OPS) data centers and limit the network throughput. In a practical scenario, physical layer impairments, predominantly amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and crosstalk, degrade Q-factor and lead to additional packet drops. To examine the performance of optical buffer units more accurately, we develop a unified analysis framework, integrating the network layer and the physical layer effects. Using this framework, we refine our architectures and provide guidelines for minimizing the physical layer impact. Besides, optical switch designs should not neglect the diversity of data center traffic patterns when developing connectivity solutions. Empirical studies of data center network traffic reveal that server traffic exhibits strong spatial and temporal correlations. We examine the effectiveness of an AWG-based load balancer with round-robin tuning TWCs in resolving congestion penalties in the data center network. Our cross-layer analysis suggests that the physical layer impairments due to the load balancer hardware could counteract its potential gains and lead to significant throughput degradation. To resolve this challenge, we develop a novel modular router architecture based on WDM shared recirculation buffers that integrates the functions of load balancing and routing and maximizes the optical buffering gains. The router employs a load-balancing scheduler to maximize throughput and minimize delay. Our mathematical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations show that the consolidation of optical buffer slots into WDM FDLs accompanied with internal load balancing leads to a virtually lossless router, resilient to data center traffic anomalies.ii

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Testa¹,

Pavesi²

2018

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“…QoS is a metric to assess the degree of satisfaction achieved from the transmission (mainly in bit error rate (BER), data rate and delay), which is determined by the channel condition and system architecture, such as modulation and coding scheme (MCS). In this paper, QoS is abstracted by signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) to simplify the analysis, and the SINR of the ith UE is defined in (1), (1) where p i is the transmitting power of the ith transmitter, upper bounded by the unified maximum restriction p max . G ii is the path gain of the ith desired link, while G ij (j≠i) is the path gain between the jth transmitter and the ith receiver, and η i is the background noise at the ith receiver with a power spectral density PSD bn .…”

Section: Two Conventional Dpc Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed power control for energy conservation in hybrid cellular network with Device-to-Device communication

Tang

Zhao

2014

China Commun.

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“…There are also various negative environmental aspects, such as the heat emission generated from data transmission and processing, garbage from manufacturing, disposal of PCs and smart phones, and so on. The ICT industry's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for about 3% of global GHG emissions, and this value is growing rapidly [2]. Reducing environmental pollution from ICT is very important to the sustainability of Earth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency Gain of Cellular Base Stations with Large-Scale Antenna Systems for Green Information and Communication Technology

Lee

2017

Sustainability

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Due to the ever-increasing data demand of end users, the number of information and communication technology (ICT)-related devices and equipment continues to increase. This induces large amounts of heat emissions, which can cause serious environmental pollution. In recent times, signal transmission systems such as cellular base stations (BSs) have been constructed everywhere and these emit a large carbon footprint. Large-scale antenna systems (LSASs) that use a large amount of transmission antennas to serve a limited number of users can increase energy efficiency (EE) of BSs based on the beamforming effect, and thus can be a promising candidate to reduce the carbon footprint of the ICT field. In this paper, we discuss the necessary schemes to realize LSASs and show the expected EE gain of the LSAS with enough practicality. There are many obstacles to realize the high EE LSAS, and even though several studies have shown separate schemes to increase the EE and/or throughput (TP) of LSASs, few have shown combinations of schemes, and presented how much EE gain can be achieved by the schemes in the overall system. Based on the analysis in this paper, we believe more detailed work for the realization of high energy efficient BSs with LSASs is possible because this paper shows the necessary schemes and the maximum achievable energy efficiency gain as a reference. Extensive analysis and simulation results show that with proper implementation of the power amplifier/RF module and a robust channel estimation scheme, LSASs with 600 transmitter (TX) antennas can achieve 99.4 times more EE gain compared to the current systems, thereby resulting in significant reduction of carbon footprints.

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Leveraging green communications for carbon emission reductions: Techniques, testbeds, and emerging carbon footprint standards

Cited by 59 publications

References 4 publications

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Optical Switching in Next Generation Data Centers

Distributed power control for energy conservation in hybrid cellular network with Device-to-Device communication

Energy Efficiency Gain of Cellular Base Stations with Large-Scale Antenna Systems for Green Information and Communication Technology

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