Levels of Serum sST2, MMP-3, and Gal-3 in Patients with Essential Hypertension and Their Correlation with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Abstract

Essential hypertension (EH) is a clinically frequent cardiovascular disease, with insidious onset, causing increased pressure load and neuroregulation disorders in patients. Long-term EH can cause left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which can lead to arrhythmia and even death. The soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in serum plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. In our study, we divided EH patients into 3 levels and groups with or without LVH, according to their condition. The levels of sST2, MMP-3, and Gal-3 in the serum were measured in different groups of patients. Our results showed that the levels of sST2, MMP-3, and Gal-3 in the serum increased progressively with the level in different EH groups. The levels of sST2, MMP-3, and Gal-3 in the serum of the LVH group were higher than those of the NLVH group, and it is positively correlated with LVH-related indexes. The risk of developing and progressing to LVH in patients with EH can be determined by the method of measuring three indicators.

Assessment of serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -3 and -9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in children with primary hypertension

“…According to the study by Rajzer et al, MMP-3 was increased in untreated hypertensive adults and correlated with hypertension-mediated arterial stiffening (14) . Wang et al, in their research on PH in adults, reported higher serum levels of MMP-3 in hypertensive participants; moreover, MMP-3 concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with PH and LVH when compared to patients with PH but no target organ damage (23) . The findings of our study, as well as the results of the above-mentioned studies, suggest that there might be a link between PH and increased MMPs activation, but further studies are needed to gain a deeper understanding of this potential relationship.…”

“…These observations may lead to the hypothesis that MMPs and their TIMPs play a role in the early stages of hypertension, which may be expected in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed PH. While in adults there are studies demonstrating increased circulating levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9, and either increased or decreased levels of TIMP-1 in hypertension, in children little information is available so far with respect to possible alterations in MMPs/TIMPs levels in PH (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) . Although one study showed elevated serum levels of MMP-9 in children with PH, and another indicated increased plasma concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in boys with PH, no previous work has investigated MMP-2 and MMP-3 serum concentrations in paediatric PH (24,25) .…”

Growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2): Clinical research and application in the cardiovascular related diseases

“…Farcas found that serum sST2 levels were closely related to left ventricular remodeling and DD parameters, thus providing additional data for echocardiography as a valuable diagnostic biomarker of cardiac remodeling and diastolic functional changes in hypertensive patients (84). Subsequently, Wang et al showed that the levels of serum sST2 increased progressively with the level in different essential hypertension (EH) groups (85). serum sST2 Levels of the LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy) group were higher than those of the NLVH (no left ventricular hypertrophy) group, and it is positively correlated with LVHrelated indexes.…”

Retracted: Levels of Serum sST2, MMP‐3, and Gal‐3 in Patients with Essential Hypertension and Their Correlation with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

“…Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”