Levels of Selected Groups of Compounds in Refill Solutions for Electronic Cigarettes

Han, Shulei; Chen, Huan; Zhang, Xiaotao; Liu, Tong; Fu, Yaning

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv189

Cited by 57 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When expressed as a percentage of nicotine, levels of total minor alkaloids (nornicotine + anabasine + anatabine) in Aroma E-Juice, Janty, and NicVape EC liquids were 1.15%, 2.28%, and 0.11%, respectively (LeSage et al, 2016; Harris et al, submitted). These labeled levels of nicotine, VG, and PG, and actual levels of nicotine and minor alkaloids, are within the typical range of those reported for EC liquids (Etter et al, 2013; Goniewicz et al, 2014; Han et al, 2016). The pH of all nicotine-containing solutions was adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Models using EC liquids would provide insights into interactions between nicotine and other behaviorally relevant non-nicotine constituents present in EC liquids (e.g., minor alkaloids, acetaldehyde, and propylene glycol, see Etter et al, 2013; Goniewicz et al, 2014; Han et al, 2016), similar to how study of extracts of smokeless tobacco or cigarette smoke has been useful for understanding product abuse liability (e.g., Brennan et al, 2014; Costello et al, 2014; Harris et al, 2015). While the systemic (i.v., s.c., i.p.)…”

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confidence: 99%

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Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

Harris

Muelken

Smethells

et al. 2017

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The FDA recently extended their regulatory authority to electronic cigarettes (ECs). Because the abuse liability of ECs is a leading concern of the FDA, animal models are urgently needed to identify factors that influence the relative abuse liability of these products. The ability of tobacco products to induce nicotine dependence, defined by the emergence of anhedonia and other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal following cessation of their use, contributes to tobacco abuse liability. The present study compared the severity of precipitated withdrawal during chronic infusion of nicotine alone or nicotine-dose equivalent concentrations of three different EC refill liquids in rats, as indicated by elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior). Because these EC liquids contain constituents that may enhance their abuse liability (e.g., minor alkaloids), we hypothesized that they would be associated with greater withdrawal effects than nicotine alone. Results indicated that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine precipitated elevations in ICSS thresholds in rats receiving a chronic infusion of nicotine alone or EC liquids (3.2 mg/kg/day, via osmotic pump). Magnitude of this effect did not differ between formulations. Our findings indicate that nicotine alone is the primary CNS determinant of the ability of ECs to engender dependence. Combined with our previous findings that nicotine alone and these EC liquids do not differ in other preclinical addiction models, these data suggest that product standards set by the FDA to reduce EC abuse liability should primarily target nicotine, other constituents with peripheral sensory effects (e.g. flavorants), and factors than influence product appeal (e.g., marketing).

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

Harris

Muelken

Smethells

et al. 2017

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Accumulating evidence shows that e-cig solutions—both in liquid form and after being heated into vapor—contain many of the same toxicants and carcinogens as those found in cigarette smoke [8–13]. The presence of carcinogenic compounds in e-cig products is alarming and deserves further investigation as to whether it may constitute a cancer risk to humans [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical analyses of e-cig liquid and vapor have shown that many toxicants and carcinogens present in cigarette smoke are also found in a range of e-cig products, albeit in generally lower concentrations [8–13]. Yet, empirical data on the possible cancer-causing effects of e-cig use are lacking [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited mutagenicity of electronic cigarettes in mouse or human cells in vitro

et al. 2017

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Objectives Electronic cigarettes (e-cig), which are promoted as safe alternatives to tobacco cigarettes or as aides to smoking cessation, are becoming increasingly popular among adult chronic smokers and adolescents experimenting with tobacco products. Despite the known presence of toxicants and carcinogens in e-cig liquid and vapor, the possible carcinogenic effects of e-cig use in humans are unknown. Materials and Methods We have utilized two validated in vitro model systems to investigate whether e-cig vapor induces mutation in mouse or human cells. We have exposed transgenic mouse fibroblasts in vitro to e-cig vapor extracts prepared from three popular brands, and determined the induction of mutagenesis in a reporter gene, the cII transgene. Furthermore, we have treated the pSP189 plasmid with e-cig vapor extract, transfected human fibroblast cells with the e-cig-treated plasmid, and screened for the induced mutations in the supF gene. Results and Conclusion We observed no statistically significant increases in relative mutant frequency in the cII transgene or supF gene in the e-cig treated mouse or human cells, respectively. Our data indicate that e-cig vapor extracts from the selected brands and at concentrations tested in this study have limited mutagenicity in both mouse and human cells in vitro.

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“…19 Many devices and their refill solutions are imported from China; analysis of solutions on the Chinese market found primarily propylene glycol, glycerol, and tobacco-specific impurities in addition to nicotine and flavorings consistent with United States findings. 20 Importantly, nicotine content in e-cigarette solutions has also been variable, often not matching labeling. 21 Some vendors sell highly concentrated solutions, either designed for direct use or dilution with propylene glycol by the purchasers.…”

Section: Review Of the Literature Device Construction And Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Cigarettes: The Science Behind the Smoke and Mirrors

Cobb

Sonti

2016

Respir Care

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SummaryE-cigarettes are a diverse set of devices that are designed for pulmonary delivery of nicotine through an aerosol, usually consisting of propylene glycol, nicotine, and flavorings. The devices heat the nicotine solution using a battery-powered circuit and deliver the resulting vapor into the proximal airways and lung. Although the current devices on the market appear to be safer than smoking combusted tobacco, they have their own inherent risks, which remain poorly characterized due to widespread product variability. Despite rising use throughout the United States, predominantly by smokers, limited evidence exists for their efficacy in smoking cessation. Pending regulation by the FDA will enforce limited disclosures on the industry but will not directly impact safety or efficacy. Meanwhile, respiratory health practitioners will need to tailor their discussions with patients, taking into account the broad range of existing effective smoking cessation techniques, including pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy.

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Levels of Selected Groups of Compounds in Refill Solutions for Electronic Cigarettes

Cited by 57 publications

References 31 publications

Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

Similar precipitated withdrawal effects on intracranial self-stimulation during chronic infusion of an e-cigarette liquid or nicotine alone

Limited mutagenicity of electronic cigarettes in mouse or human cells in vitro

E-Cigarettes: The Science Behind the Smoke and Mirrors

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