Levels-of-processing effect on word recognition in schizophrenia

Ragland, J. Daniel; Moelter, Stephen T.; McGrath, Claire; Hill, S. Kristian; Gur, Raquel E.; Bilker, Warren B.; Siegel, Steven J.; Gur, Ruben C.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00235-x

Cited by 80 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Thus, orientation to the verbal relatedness of the word-scene pairs significantly improved subsequent recall of the words in both groups. This finding is in line with previous studies of EM in schizophrenia that have reported memory improvement following orientation to beneficial encoding conditions (Bonner-Jackson et al, 2005;Chan et al, 2000;Gold, Randolph, Carpenter, Goldberg, & Weinberger, 1992;Koh & Peterson, 1978;McClain, 1983;Paul et al, 2005;Ragland et al, 2003Ragland et al, , 2006. Such findings have been attributed to an enhancement of strategic memory processes through the manipulation of encoding conditions, as individuals with schizophrenia typically show deficits in generating and applying effective encoding and organizational strategies (Brebion et al, 1997;Brebion, David, Jones, Pilowsky, 2004;Hutton et al, 1998;Iddon et al, 1998;Russell, Bannatyne, & Smith, 1975;Russell & Beekhuis, 1976;Traupmann, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Notably, EM deficits in individuals with schizophrenia can be somewhat alleviated through interventions that facilitate the use of advantageous encoding strategies, including levels-of-processing manipulations (Bonner-Jackson, Haut, Csernansky, & Barch, 2005;Kubicki et al, 2003;Paul, Elvevag, Bokat, Weinberger, & Goldberg, 2005;Ragland et al, 2003Ragland et al, , 2005, in which participants typically show better memory for items processed ''deeply'' relative to those processed in a ''shallow'' manner. Cues provided during retrieval can also improve EM in schizophrenia (Culver, Kunen, & Zinkgraf, 1986;McClain, 1983;Sengel & Lovallo, 1983;Tompkins, Goldman, & Axelrod, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research from our lab and others (Bonner-Jackson et al, 2005;Ragland et al, 2003Ragland et al, , 2005 has used encoding tasks that orient participants to process the semantic attributes of items (e.g., abstract/concrete judgments, living/non-living judgments, etc. ), putatively to improve encoding effectiveness and memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategic Manipulations for Associative Memory and the Role of Verbal Processing Abilities in Schizophrenia

Bonner‐Jackson

Deanna

2011

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate episodic memory (EM) deficits and abnormal EM-related brain activity. Experimental encoding manipulations significantly benefit memory performance in schizophrenia, suggesting that a strategic processing deficit may contribute to memory impairment. However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of encoding and retrieval strategies on EM in schizophrenia. The current study examined the impact of encoding and retrieval strategies on associative memory and brain activity in schizophrenia. We also assessed the role of verbal processing ability in response to strategic memory interventions in schizophrenia. Behavioral and functional neuroimaging data were collected from 23 participants with schizophrenia and 24 comparison subjects while performing associative memory encoding and recall tasks. Behaviorally, both schizophrenia participants and controls benefited from memory strategies and showed significant associations between verbal processing ability and recall. Additionally, among schizophrenia participants, encoding strategy use was associated with enhanced brain activity in multiple brain areas. Schizophrenia participants also demonstrated significant associations between verbal processing ability and encodingrelated brain activity in prefrontal cortex. Findings suggest that memory performance and brain activity in schizophrenia can be enhanced via strategic manipulations, and individual differences in cognitive abilities in schizophrenia can affect behavioral and neurobiological responses to strategic memory interventions. (JINS, 2011, 17, 796-806)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategic Manipulations for Associative Memory and the Role of Verbal Processing Abilities in Schizophrenia

Bonner‐Jackson

Deanna

2011

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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“…Verbal episodic memory is particularly affected, with impairment relating in part to use of inefficient organizational strategies (Koh and Peterson, 1978;Paulsen et al, 1995;Iddon et al, 1998). Providing a semantic organizational strategy during word encoding normalizes subsequent recognition accuracy in patients with schizophrenia (Ragland et al, 2003). This suggests that deficits in verbal memory may result in part from aberrant fronto-temporal interactions, a hypothesis that fits well with the prevailing view of schizophrenia as a disorder of disturbed neural and psychological integration Andreasen et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Alterations of fronto-temporal connectivity during word encoding in schizophrenia

Wolf

Gur

Valdez

et al. 2007

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

107

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Cognitive deficits, including impaired verbal memory, are prominent in schizophrenia and lead to increased disability. Functional neuroimaging of patients with schizophrenia performing memory tasks has revealed abnormal activation patterns in prefrontal cortex and temporo-limbic regions. Aberrant fronto-temporal interactions thus represent a potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying verbal memory deficits, yet this hypothesis of disturbed connectivity is not tested directly with standard activation studies. We performed within-subject correlations of frontal and temporal timeseries to measure functional connectivity during verbal encoding. Our results confirm earlier findings of aberrant fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia, and extend them by identifying distinct alterations within dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex. Relative to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia had reduced connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and temporal lobe areas including parahippocampus and superior temporal gyrus. In contrast, patients showed increased connectivity between a region of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and these same temporal lobe regions. Higher temporal-DLPFC connectivity during encoding was associated with better subsequent recognition accuracy in controls, but not patients. Temporal-VLPFC connectivity was uncorrelated with recognition accuracy in either group. The results suggest that reduced temporal-DLPFC connectivity in schizophrenia could underlie encoding deficits, and increased temporal-VLPFC connectivity may represent an ineffective compensatory effort.

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“…LOP tasks control for patients' failure to spontaneously organize words semantically (Koh and Peterson, 1978;Paulsen et al, 1995;Iddon et al, 1998) by requiring alternation between "shallow" orthographic encoding and "deep" semantic encoding. This results in faster and more accurate recognition of deeply processed words, suggesting that semantic processing is sufficiently intact in schizophrenia for patients to benefit from organizational strategies (Ragland et al, 2003). To assess LOP effects on source monitoring subjects are required to recollect the encoding context ("shallow"/"deep" judgment) when a word is recognized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internal source monitoring in schizophrenia: Recognition with and without recollection

Ragland

Valdez

Loughead

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

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Patients with schizophrenia tend to have impaired source monitoring and intact item recognition, suggesting an over-reliance of familiarity effects. We previously demonstrated that providing patients with a levels-of-processing (LOP) semantic encoding strategy normalized source monitoring. The current blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study tests the hypothesis that patients will have abnormally increased frontotemporal activation despite intact performance. fMRI was measured in 13 patients and 13 demographically matched healthy controls during a LOP source monitoring paradigm. SPM2 was used for standard pre-processing and statistical analyses, with a corrected significance threshold of p<.05. Examination of accuracy and speed measures did not reveal any group differences in task performance. Regardless of source retrieval success both groups activated expected prefrontal and parietal regions, with no areas of relatively greater control versus patient activation. In support of the hypothesis, patients showed abnormally increased activation in temporolimbic areas including middle and superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Activation in these areas was associated with worse positive and negative symptoms, but did not correlate with performance, suggesting inefficient rather than compensatory activation.

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Levels-of-processing effect on word recognition in schizophrenia

Cited by 80 publications

References 50 publications

Strategic Manipulations for Associative Memory and the Role of Verbal Processing Abilities in Schizophrenia

Strategic Manipulations for Associative Memory and the Role of Verbal Processing Abilities in Schizophrenia

Alterations of fronto-temporal connectivity during word encoding in schizophrenia

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internal source monitoring in schizophrenia: Recognition with and without recollection

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