Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human milk in Saitama, Japan, and epidemiological research

Takekuma, Mikiko; Saito, Koichi; Ogawa, Masahiko; Matumoto, Ryuji; Kobayashi, Susumu

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00670-2

Cited by 49 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The dioxin congener pattern in the breast milk of our subjects was similar to that reported in residents of urban cities, such as Saitama [21], Tokyo [22], and Osaka [23], who were mainly contaminated by consuming contaminated food, indicating that food was an important source of dioxin contamination in these subjects. In particular, the first to second trimester of pregnancy may be a sensitive period for dioxin exposure because newborn length at birth is associated with maternal weight gain, which is in turn related to maternal nutritional status during these trimesters [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of maternal dioxin exposure on newborn size at birth among Japanese mother–infant pairs

Tawara

Nishijo

Honda

et al. 2008

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective Maternal exposure to dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (DFs)] during pregnancy is known to affect infant growth and neurodevelopment in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between newborn size and the concentration of dioxin isomers in breast milk and to subsequently evaluate the potential toxicity of each dioxin isomer among mothers living in sea coast areas who are at a high risk of contamination due to a high consumption of fish. Methods A total of 75 milk samples were obtained within 1 month of delivery from Japanese mothers living in the coastal areas of the Japan Sea. The relationships between the levels of seven dioxins and ten furan isomers in maternal breast milk, measured by high-resolution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the birth size of newborns, which is related to fetal growth, were investigated after adjustment for confounding factors. Results The concentrations of 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (pentachlorodibenzofuran), 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF, and three dioxin toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels (PCDDs-TEQ, PCDFs-TEQ, and total-TEQ) in maternal breast milk were inversely correlated to newborn length even after adjustment for gestational weeks, infant sex, and maternal age and height. These isomers were abundant among the 17 isomers tested and reflected the TEQ levels. Only 2,3,7,3,7,, the most toxic isomer, was negatively correlated with newborn head circumference, even after adjustment for gestational weeks, infant birth weight, and other confounding factors. Conclusions Based on our results, fetal growth may be influenced by maternal total exposure to dioxins, but only exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD would appear to possibly affect fetal head size during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of maternal dioxin exposure on newborn size at birth among Japanese mother–infant pairs

Tawara

Nishijo

Honda

et al. 2008

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…The difference in correlations between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and food group intake in the two areas is attributed to the presence or absence of exposure to herbicide. In the sprayed area, although there is dietary exposure to dioxins in the sprayed and nonsprayed areas similar to studies by Huisuman et al [7] and Takekuma et al [8], past exposure may act as a stronger factor than present dietary intake in the sprayed area. Hence, it is implied that there was no statistical association between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and present dietary intake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…These studies also suggest that human intake of dioxin has been decreasing for several decades [2][3][4][5][6]. Moreover, several studies have reported positive correlations between the intake of fish and dairy products and dioxin concentrations in breast milk, which are the specific factors influencing the accumulation of dioxin in humans [7][8][9]. There have, however, been few studies in Vietnam, in spite of the fact that a great deal of herbicide was sprayed there.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and food group intake in Vietnam

Saito

Nhu

Suzuki

et al. 2009

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives To clarify the association between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and food group intake in herbicide-sprayed and nonsprayed areas in Vietnam. Methods This survey was conducted in August 2007 in sprayed and nonsprayed areas, respectively. The interviews were performed using a questionnaire to obtain information on personal characteristics and usual dietary intake. Eighty mothers of sprayed area and 42 mothers of nonsprayed area participated in the study. Breast milk was analyzed for concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Results Multiple regression analysis showed that location (sprayed or nonsprayed area) has the highest association with the toxic equivalents (TEQ)-PCDDs, TEQ-PCDFs, and TEQ-Total rather than other factors. In the sprayed area, the adjusted R 2 values of regression were approximately 0.1. On the other hand, the adjusted R 2 values in the nonsprayed areas were higher than those in the sprayed area, i.e., between 0.2 and 0.3, and showed that there were significant associations with body mass index (BMI) in all models. Conclusions Dioxin exposure was less affected by usual dietary intake in the sprayed area than in the nonsprayed area in Vietnam. It was clear that past exposure rather than present dietary intake may affect present dioxin concentrations in breast milk in the sprayed area in Vietnam. This study suggests that present dioxin concentrations in breast milk were maintained by continuous past exposure even after 30-40 years had passed.

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“…In our previous study of dioxin levels in breast milk collected from approximately 300 mothers in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, we found that the dioxin levels in breast milk of mothers who were nursed in infancy were significantly higher than those of mothers who received infant formula in infancy (Takekuma et al 2004). The results indicate that dioxin intake at infancy exerted an influence even at adulthood and thus, the present TDI, which is the tolerable dioxin level based on the total dioxin intake in an entire lifetime, is considered to be insufficient for the evaluation of dioxin intake in infants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

Assessment of Dioxin Intake from Commercial Baby Food in Infant

Saito

Ohmura²,

Takekuma³

2008

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

Self Cite

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Commercial baby food was roughly classified into six food groups, including vegetable, fruit, fish, meat, dairy product, and cookie. Dioxin levels in commercial baby food were determined, and dioxin intake in infants was assessed on the basis of the proposed original model food groups. The total daily dioxin intake was 0.070 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day. The total dioxin intake in this study was considerably lower than the Tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day set by Japanese regulations. The dioxin intake from commercial baby food is considered not to be a serious problem at the moment. We believe that the proposed classification and calculation is suitable for the evaluation of total dioxin intake from commercial baby food.

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Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human milk in Saitama, Japan, and epidemiological research

Cited by 49 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of maternal dioxin exposure on newborn size at birth among Japanese mother–infant pairs

Effects of maternal dioxin exposure on newborn size at birth among Japanese mother–infant pairs

Association between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and food group intake in Vietnam

Assessment of Dioxin Intake from Commercial Baby Food in Infant

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