Levels of Nature and Stress Response

Ewert, Alan; Chang, Yun

doi:10.3390/bs8050049

Cited by 78 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Strategies to counteract stress in humans and animals often rely on the early detection of stress-induced damage. Various indicators have been identified as potent markers of different biological processes, such as pathogenic or pharmacological responses, and are designated as biomarkers (Griffiths and Moller, 2002; Dadar et al, 2016; Abbas et al, 2017; Prajapati et al, 2017; Selleck et al, 2017; Ewert and Chang, 2018; Tampa et al, 2018). These include normal physiological biomarkers that are within the normal range in healthy subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

Dhama

Latheef

Dadar

et al. 2019

Front. Mol. Biosci.

212

172

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Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of stress. Stress affects an organism's welfare status and induces energy-consuming mechanisms to combat the subsequent ill effects; thus, the individual may be immunocompromised, making them vulnerable to pathogens. The information presented here has been extensively reviewed, compiled, and analyzed from authenticated published resources available on Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and other scientific databases. Stress levels can be monitored by the quantitative and qualitative measurement of biomarkers. Potential markers of stress include thermal stress markers, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), innate immune markers, such as Acute Phase Proteins (APPs), oxidative stress markers, and chemical secretions in the saliva and urine. In addition, stress biomarkers also play critical roles in the prognosis of stress-related diseases and disorders, and therapy guidance. Moreover, different components have been identified as potent mediators of cardiovascular, central nervous system, hepatic, and nephrological disorders, which can also be employed to evaluate these conditions precisely, but with stringent validation and specificity. Considerable scientific advances have been made in the detection, quantitation, and application of these biomarkers. The present review describes the current progress of identifying biomarkers, their prognostic, and therapeutic values.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

Dhama

Latheef

Dadar

et al. 2019

Front. Mol. Biosci.

212

172

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The biophilia hypothesis indicates that humans have effortless emotional and psychological preference for green spaces because humans have evolved in natural environments for thousands of years [36,49,50]. Hartig [51] integrates the attention restoration theory and stress reduction theory-suggesting an "intertwining of the mechanisms"-and finds that the attractiveness and use of open spaces are dependent upon the perceived potential restrictiveness of open spaces [52]. At the same time, the underlying assumption of both the attention restoration theory and stress reduction theory is effortless exposure to green spaces for resting and restoration effects, and all humans can experience similar positive effects from green space regardless of geographic location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Frequency of Visits and Time Spent in Urban Green Space on Subjective Well-Being

Hong

Lee

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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Exposure to green spaces can reduce the negative effects of stress. This study examines how frequency of visits and time spent in urban green spaces (UGS) affect urban dwellers’ subjective well-being. We also investigated the numbers of respondents visiting UGS, their primary motivation, and constraints on their ability to visit. Using quota sampling, an online survey was conducted of 400 residents of Daejeon City, South Korea. ANOVA results indicated no significant interactions between visit frequency and time spent in UGS. Respondents who had visited UGS within the past two weeks expressed higher positive and lower negative emotions than did non-visitors, regardless of visit frequency, and regular visitors showed higher general life satisfaction levels. These positive effects were confirmed by estimated structural equation models. However, the time spent in UGS did not affect emotions or life satisfaction in general. Heavy users mostly visited UGS to walk, and light/non-users cited the lack of urban green spaces near their home as the major constraint on visiting UGS. The estimated structural equation models clearly show positive effects from motivation and negative effects of constraints and access time to UGS on visit frequency. To improve urban dwellers’ subjective well-being, UGS should prioritize good walking environments and accessibility.

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“…We used electrical shocks to induce reliable physiological stress responses from all participants within an experimental setup and operationalized stress levels such as skin conductance levels (SCL). Other studies have used amylase enzyme [44] or heart rate [29] and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. How the physiological stress response is specifically linked to psychological or social stress is not known, although social stress seems to be one of the leading causes of impaired well-being in modern societies [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sounds of Nature in the City: No Evidence of Bird Song Improving Stress Recovery

Hedblom

Gunnarsson

Schaefer

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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: Noise from city traffic is one of the most significant environmental stressors. Natural soundscapes, such as bird songs, have been suggested to potentially mitigate or mask noise. All previous studies on masking noise use self-evaluation data rather than physiological data. In this study, while respondents (n = 117) watched a 360° virtual reality (VR) photograph of a park, they were exposed to different soundscapes and mild electrical shocks. The soundscapes—“bird song”, “bird song and traffic noise”, and “traffic noise”—were played during a 10 min recovery period while their skin conductance levels were assessed as a measure of arousal/stress. No significant difference in stress recovery was found between the soundscapes although a tendency for less stress in “bird song” and more stress in “traffic noise” was noted. All three soundscapes, however, significantly reduced stress. This result could be attributed to the stress-reducing effect of the visual VR environment, to the noise levels being higher than 47 dBA (a level known to make masking ineffective), or to the respondents finding bird songs stressful. Reduction of stress in cities using masking with natural sounds requires further studies with not only larger samples but also sufficient methods to detect potential sex differences.

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Levels of Nature and Stress Response

Cited by 78 publications

References 56 publications

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

Biomarkers in Stress Related Diseases/Disorders: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Values

Impact of Frequency of Visits and Time Spent in Urban Green Space on Subjective Well-Being

Sounds of Nature in the City: No Evidence of Bird Song Improving Stress Recovery

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