Levels of coding in picture-picture comparison tasks

Bartram, Dave

doi:10.3758/bf03213223

Cited by 69 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Bartram performed a series of studies in which subjects named 20 pictures of objects over eight blocks of trials. (In another experiment [Bartram, 1976], essentially the same results were found with a same-different namematching task in which pairs of pictures were presented.) In the identical condition, the pictures were identical across the trial blocks.…”

Section: Transfer Between Different Viewpointssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Fortunately, these issues on the role of aspect ratio are readily testable. Bartram's (1976) experiments, described later in the section on orientation variability, suggest that sensitivity to variations in aspect ratio need not be given heavy weight: Recognition speed is unaffected by variation in aspect ratio across different views of the same object.…”

Section: Etamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Biederman

1987

Psychological Review

4,841

143

3,801

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The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N ^ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensional image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermmation. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position and image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory.Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification). A Do-It-\burself ExampleConsider the object shown in Figure 1. We readily recognize it as one of those objects that cannot be classified into a familiar category. Despite its overall unfamiliarity, there is near unanimity in its descriptions. We parse-or segment-its parts at regions of deep concavity and describe those parts with common, simple volumetric terms, such as "a block," "a cylinder" "a funnel or truncated cone." We can look at the zig-zag horizontal brace as a texture region or zoom in and interpret it as a series of connected blocks. The same is true of the mass at the lower left: we can see it as a texture area or zoom in and parse it into its various bumps.Although we know that it is not a familiar object, after a whilewe can ...

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Section: Transfer Between Different Viewpointssupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Etamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Biederman

1987

Psychological Review

4,841

143

3,801

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Second, we must consider the fact that human perceivers are capable of recognizing objects at multiple categorical levels, ranging from basic-level (Bartram, 1976;Jolicoeur, 1985;Biederman and Gerhardstein, 1993) to subordinate-level (Gauthier et al, 1997) to item-specific Humphrey and Khan, 1992;Tarr, 1995) recognition. Models of recognition must account for how we represent object information that supports multiple levels of access -either through multiple systems that interact (e.g.…”

Section: Reconciling Image-based and Structural-description Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine

1998

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“…The effect disappears if the objects have to be recognized but not named (cf. Bartram, 1976;Jescheniak, 1993a;Wingfield, 1967Wingfield, , 1968. Kroll and Potter (1984), however, did find a (24-ms) frequency effect in an object decision experiment.…”

Section: Picture Namingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

Jescheniak

Levelt

1994

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

715

818

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In 7 experiments the authors investigated the locus of word frequency effects in speech production. Experiment 1 demonstrated a frequency effect in picture naming that was robust over repetitions. Experiments 2, 3, and 7 excluded contributions from object identification and initiation of articulation. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated whether the effect arises in accessing the syntactic word (lemma) by using a grammatical gender decision task. Although a frequency effect was found, it dissipated under repeated access to a word's gender. Experiment 6 tested whether the robust frequency effect arises in accessing the phonological form (lexeme) by having Ss translate words that produced homophones. Low-frequent homophones behaved like high-frequent controls, inheriting the accessing speed of their high-frequent homophone twins. Because homophones share the lexeme, not the lemma, this suggests a lexeme-level origin of the robust effect.The word frequency effect in speech production was discovered by Oldfield and Wingficld (1965). In a picture-naming task, they found that pictures with low-frequency (LF) names (such as syringe) took longer to name than pictures with high-frequency (HF) names (such as basket). Wingfield (1968) established this effect as a genuinely lexical one. The effect was not due to differential speeds of object recognition but to naming itself.In this research, we consider the word frequency effect in light of recent models of lexical access in speech production. In particular, we consider whether the frequency effect arises early, in selecting the semantically appropriate lexical item, or late, in the retrieval of the item's form information.The article is organized as follows. We begin by sketching a model of the production lexicon. Against the background of this model, we then derive hypotheses about the potential loci of frequency effects from data in the literature on picture naming, hesitations in spontaneous speech, and speech errors. Finally, we turn to the core of this article, an experimental investigation of these hypotheses.In seven experiments, we analyze whether the frequency effect is due to either conceptualization or articulation (it is neither), whether it arises at the early, so-called lemma level (there is a frequency effect there, but it turns out not to be the frequency effect), or whether it originates at the late word form, or lexeme level (it does). Jorg D. Jescheniak and Willem J. M. Levelt, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.We wish to thank Ger Desserjer, Hans Franssen, and Johan Weustink for invaluable technical assistance and Monika Baumann, Jean Fox Tree, Antje Meyer, Paul Meyer, Thomas Pechmann, Ardi Roelofs, Herbert Schriefers, Linda Wheeldon and four reviewers for helpful comments and discussions.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jorg D. Jescheniak, who is now at Institut fiir Psychologic FB12, Freie Universitat Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Electronic mail may be sent to jo...

show abstract

Levels of coding in picture-picture comparison tasks

Cited by 69 publications

References 14 publications

Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.

Image-based object recognition in man, monkey and machine

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

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