Levels of bisphenol-A in thermal paper receipts from Belgium and estimation of human exposure

Geens, Tinne; Goeyens, Léo; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Neels, Hugo; Covaci, Adrian

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.001

Cited by 131 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The use of BPA in food packaging, along with the ability of BPA to leach into the food (7) , has led many to believe that diet is a major route of human BPA exposure (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) . BPA has also been found in products made from recycled paper (21) , dust particles (22)(23)(24) , thermal receipt paper (25,26) , soil, tap water and surface water (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A exposure and associations with obesity among adults: a critical review

Oppeneer

Robien

2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To review the literature on bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and obesity in human populations. Design: Systematic review of the literature via searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and reference lists for articles published to 1 August 2014. Setting: China, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Sweden, UK, USA. Subjects: Adults (≥18 years). Results: Eighteen articles were identified and included in the review. Twelve studies included secondary evaluations of BPA exposure and BMI, and six studies evaluated body composition as the primary outcome. All analyses were crosssectional and no study included in the review received a positive quality rating (twelve negative, six neutral). Eight studies observed a statistically significant positive association between urinary or serum BPA levels and BMI, and ten studies observed no association. Studies where BMI was a primary outcome and studies of neutral quality were more likely to observe an association. Conclusions: Study results are conflicting and significant methodological issues limit the ability to draw conclusions from these studies. Prospective studies that measure BPA exposure and changes in body weight and composition are needed to establish temporality, causality and the direction of any observed associations.

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confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A exposure and associations with obesity among adults: a critical review

Oppeneer

Robien

2014

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Microwave meals and restaurant meals have previously been shown to be additional sources of BPA exposure, possibly due to use of canned food items in preparation or contact with non-BPA-free storage containers; thus, microwave and restaurant meals are included in the score (42,57) . While receipt paper handling is not a dietary source of exposure, we chose to include this variable because we wanted to account for all the potential major contributing factors to the variability in urinary BPA levels and frequent handling of thermal receipt paper is a known source of BPA exposure (72)(73)(74)(75) . The score was weighted to account for reported variation in BPA content of foods.…”

Section: Measurement Of Urinary Bisphenol Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure

Nomura

Harnack

Robien

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To develop a BPA Exposure Assessment Module (BEAM) for use in large observational studies and to evaluate the ability of the BEAM to estimate bisphenol A (BPA) exposure levels. Design: The BEAM was designed by modifying an FFQ with questions targeting known sources of BPA exposure. Frequency of intake of known dietary sources of BPA was assessed using the BEAM and three 24 h food records as a reference diet measurement tool. Urinary BPA (uBPA) levels were measured as the criterion tool in a pooled urine sample (nine spot samples per participant). Spearman correlations, linear regression and weighted kappa analysis were used to evaluate the ability of the BEAM and food records to estimate BPA exposure levels. Setting: Minneapolis/Saint Paul, MN, USA. Subjects: Sixty-eight healthy adult (20-59 years) volunteers. Results: Dietary BPA intake assessed by the BEAM was not associated with uBPA levels and was unable to predict participants' rank by uBPA levels. BEAM models with all a priori predictors explained 25 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Canned food intake assessed by food records was associated with uBPA levels, but was unable to rank participants by uBPA levels. Multivariable-adjusted food record models with a priori predictors explained 41 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Conclusions: Known dietary sources of BPA exposure explained less than half the variability in uBPA levels, regardless of diet assessment method. Findings suggest that a questionnaire approach may be insufficient for ranking BPA exposure level and additional important sources of BPA exposure likely exist.Bisphenol A (BPA), used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide (1,2) and production is predicted to reach more than 4·09 Mt (9 billion lb) by 2020 (3) . Biomonitoring data indicate widespread, chronic low-level exposure to BPA (2,(4)(5)(6) . Animal and in vitro data indicate exposure adversely affects health, but limited and conflicting human epidemiological data is often cited as a barrier for risk assessment by regulatory agencies (7)(8)(9) . While recent epidemiological data suggest that BPA may be associated with alterations in sex and thyroid hormone levels (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) , infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (19)(20)(21) , obesity (18,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) , pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes (23,(30)(31)(32) and CVD (23,31,(33)(34)(35) , most are crosssectional analyses with important limitations, such as lack of long-term exposure data which are more relevant for chronic disease risk (36) . Diet has been considered the primary source of BPA exposure (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) and previous studies support diet as the major route of human BPA exposure (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) . The use of polycarbonate plastics in the production of food and beverage storage containers has been largely phased out in the USA. However, BPA is still used in epoxy resin linings of metal cans and lids (1,2,6,51...

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“…Here bisphenol A can be found within black ink as well as reacting agent in receipts [4]. Toxicological studies show several risks of bisphenol A such as moderate toxicity as well as teratogenic, carcinogenic or estrogenic effects [1,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its widespread use, bisphenol A is found in lots of different matrices such as river water, foodstuff, tissues, body fluids or recycled papers [3,5]. While concentrations in surface waters are in the lower lg L -1 range it can be found in papers in concentrations that ranged from higher lg kg -1 to lower mg kg -1 [4,6,7]. Increased bisphenol A levels have been observed in recycled papers compared with non-recycled papers [4,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While concentrations in surface waters are in the lower lg L -1 range it can be found in papers in concentrations that ranged from higher lg kg -1 to lower mg kg -1 [4,6,7]. Increased bisphenol A levels have been observed in recycled papers compared with non-recycled papers [4,6]. As a result of the use of recycled papers in food industry as packing material or as paper towels, the exposure to bisphenol A is increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Analysis of Bisphenol A in Recycled Paper with a Novel Direct Inlet Probe-Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–IonTrap-MS

Horst

Schmitz

2017

J. Anal. Test.

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A new ambient ion source was developed and its application to real samples has been demonstrated. This ion source is based on a previously build ion source using chemical ionization under atmospheric pressure and extractive electrospray ionization (DIP-APCI/EESI). To enhance the range of analytes, we added to this ion source a photoionization lamp to enable also photoionization, which allows the possibility to analyze polar (EESI), middle (APCI) and non-polar (APPI) analytes with the same source and with no or only a small change of the setup. In comparison with DIP-APCI, this ion source reaches similar analytical limits but shows better sensitivity for some aromatic and non-polar analytes. The analysis of bisphenol A from extracts of recycled paper demonstrates the use of this ion source for real samples. Quantification was possible by the use of a deuterated internal standard that was added to the papers before extraction. Here atmospheric pressure chemical ionization leads to bad results due to ion suppression, whereas atmospheric pressure photoionization shows results that fit to literature values.

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Levels of bisphenol-A in thermal paper receipts from Belgium and estimation of human exposure

Cited by 131 publications

References 21 publications

Bisphenol A exposure and associations with obesity among adults: a critical review

Bisphenol A exposure and associations with obesity among adults: a critical review

Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure

Quantitative Analysis of Bisphenol A in Recycled Paper with a Novel Direct Inlet Probe-Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–IonTrap-MS

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