Levels and sources of PCDDs, PCDFs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in composts from a municipal yard waste composting facility

Harrad, Stuart; Malloy, Thomas A.; Khan, Mohammad Zafar; Goldfarb, Theodore D.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90105-m

Cited by 35 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In all cases, the air and water concentrations are in good agreement with field data and are fairly independent of environmental pH. The soil predictions are somewhat low based on the only soil data available, but the soil samples were collected from Long Island (NY, USA) [26], so they may be locally enriched and may not represent regional concentrations. Of all the media, the sediment concentrations are the most sensitive to changing environmental pH, with concentrations dropping approximately an order of magnitude as the sediment pH changed from 5 to 7.…”

Section: Model Applicationmentioning

confidence: 74%

General fugacity‐based model to predict the environmental fate of multiple chemical species

Cahill

Cousins

Mackay

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A general multimedia environmental fate model is presented that is capable of simulating the fate of up to four interconverting chemical species. It is an extension of the existing equilibrium criterion (EQC) fugacity model, which is limited to single-species assessments. It is suggested that multispecies chemical assessments are warranted when a degradation product of a released chemical is either more toxic or more persistent than the parent chemical or where there is cycling between species, as occurs with association, disassociation, or ionization. The model is illustratively applied to three chemicals, namely chlorpyrifos, pentachlorophenol, and perfluorooctane sulfonate, for which multispecies assessments are advisable. The model results compare favorably with field data for chlorpyrifos and pentachlorophenol, while the perfluorooctane sulfonate simulation is more speculative due to uncertainty in input parameters and the paucity of field data to validate the predictions. The model thus provides a tool for assessing the environmental fate and behavior of a group of chemicals that hitherto have not been addressed by evaluative models such as EQC.

show abstract

Section: Model Applicationmentioning

confidence: 74%

General fugacity‐based model to predict the environmental fate of multiple chemical species

Cahill

Cousins

Mackay

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most recent studies demonstrated the presence of significant quantities of dioxins and dioxin precursors in municipal waste around 50 ng I-TEQ/kg (8,(25)(26)(27)(28) and other typical components in waste, such as textiles, wood, food, plastic, etc. (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Bearing in mind the dioxin content in waste streams, the plant could hypothetically become a sink for PCDDs/PCDFs instead of a source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin Abatement Strategies and Mass Balance at a Municipal Waste Management Plant

Abad

Adrados

Caixach

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the thermal management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered to be one of the major sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), the purpose of this study was to show the results of a dioxin abatement program performed in the municipal waste incineration (MWI) plant of Tarragona (NE Spain). Previously, stack gas emission levels of PCDDs/PCDFs around 3.26 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 were determined when the gas-cleaning system consisted only of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Decreased levels, below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/ Nm3, were observed when a new air pollution control system was installed. This new system was improved by the injection of activated carbon, which helped to lower the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs to around 0.01 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. Considering the absence of a particular impact on herbages, soils, and ambient air around the plant, as reported in previous works, and the hypothesis that a modern installation could become a sink for dioxins instead of a source, a dioxin mass balance was evaluated. The study compared in a large-scale MWI plant the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs of all input and output contributors (MSW, ambient air, stack gas emission, fly ash, and slag) forming part of the inventory collected in various monitoring campaigns. The findings revealed a remarkable homogeneity in output values (between 1.19 and 2.62 ng I-TEQ/yr) in contrast to the large variability observed in input values. In the first sampling campaign, the dioxin content in MSW was around 64.15 ng I-TEQ/kg, and a negative balance of 7.68 g I-TEQ/yr was calculated. However, in the latest campaign, levels were about 2.36 ng I-TEQ/kg MSW, resulting in a positive balance of 2.28 g I-TEQ/yr.

show abstract

“…The amount of each PCDD and PCDF isomer containing four or more chlorines in the prepared samples was determined GC-MS using an HP 5971A mass selective detector interfaced with an HP 5890A gas chromatograph fitted with a DB5 capillary column and operated in the selected ion monitoring mode according to a previously described procedure (7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Chlorinated Dibenzodioxin and Dibenzofuran Formation in the Beilstein Test

Goldfarb¹,

Fontana²

1997

J. Chem. Educ.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Beilstein test (1) is a simple flame test commonly used in undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory courses to screen for the presence of chlorine or other nonfluorine halogens in organic molecules. The compound in question is heated on a copper wire in a Bunsen burner flame. The presence of halogen in the compound is indicated by a green flame color caused by volatilized copper halides. In 1992, B. M. Scholz-Böttcher et al. ( 2) recognized that the conditions of the test might lead to the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (see Fig. 1). These potent environmental toxins 1 have been observed to form during combustion of organic materials on particulate surfaces by a process that is catalyzed by copper halides (3-5).Using a simple apparatus to trap the combustion products, Scholz-Böttcher et al. performed the Beilstein test on several chlorinated organic compounds and determined that PCDDs and PCDFs are formed and that, depending on the compound used, a student performing the test could conceivably inhale amounts that exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) established for dioxinlike compounds by Germany and other European nations (2). They conclude the report of their results with the suggestion that a substitute be found for the Beilstein test, or that at the very least the tests be carried out only in a suitably equipped fume hood.

show abstract

Levels and sources of PCDDs, PCDFs, chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBzs) in composts from a municipal yard waste composting facility

Cited by 35 publications

References 6 publications

General fugacity‐based model to predict the environmental fate of multiple chemical species

General fugacity‐based model to predict the environmental fate of multiple chemical species

Dioxin Abatement Strategies and Mass Balance at a Municipal Waste Management Plant

Reduction of Chlorinated Dibenzodioxin and Dibenzofuran Formation in the Beilstein Test

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About