Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion

Ali, Nadeem; Ali, Lulwa; Toufeer, Mehdi; Dirtu, Alin C.; Al-Shammari, Fatema; Neels, Hugo

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001

Cited by 218 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In addition, other studies reported much higher concentrations of OPFRs in dust collected in private cars than in private homes and offices in Germany (Brommer et al 2012), UK (Brommer and Harrad 2015), Kuwait, Pakistan (Ali et al 2013), and Egypt (Abdallah and Covaci 2014). On average, a personal vehicle contains over 105 kg of plastics (9.3 % of materials used), and this proportion continues to increase with time (EFRA 2015).…”

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 93%

“…These standards prescribe higher flammability requirements of PUF foams used in vehicles than those used in PUF furniture in Germany (DIN 66084). Considering stringent fire regulations and standards in vehicles, higher concentrations of OPFRs in indoor air of private cars can be expected compared to indoor air of offices, private homes, and other environments (Ali et al 2013;Chivas et al 2009;EFRA 2015). Figure 3 shows the comparison of median concentrations for ∑OPFRs in indoor air from different countries and indoor microenvironments (details are listed in Table S3).…”

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Increasing evidences for exposure and emission sources of brominated FRs such as PBDEs in indoor environments caused their progressive replacement by OPFRs (Zhang et al 2011;Newton et al 2015). OPFR levels have been reported in indoor environments in several European countries such as in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Romania, UK, and in New Zealand (Ali et al 2013;Brommer and Harrad 2015;Cequier et al 2015;Dirtu et al 2012;Mäkinen et al 2009;Sjödin et al 2001). However, to date, studies on levels of OPFRs in indoor environments in Germany are scarce (Brommer et al 2012;Fromme et al 2014), and no study on levels of OPFRs in outdoor air in Germany has been reported so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

112

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The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m with a median of 40.23 ng/m, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m), schools (36.23 ng/m), day care centers (31.80 ng/m), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.

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Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Concentrations Of Opfrs In Indoor Air Of Different Microenvimentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Zhou

Hiltscher

Gruber

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

112

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“…For safety reason, stringent flammability standards are employed on these automotive plastic materials, which therefore turn them into an important application field and meanwhile a significant reservoir and source of BFRs (Mandalakis et al 2008). A growing base of evidence support the occurrence of PBDEs together with other BFRs and their unintentional byproducts PBDD/Fs in air and dust samples from vehicle interior environments (Ali et al 2013;Batterman et al 2009;Harrad and Abdallah 2011;Harrad et al 2008;Kalachova et al 2012;Lagalante et al 2011;Mandalakis et al 2008), and the reportedly highest concentrations were respectively up to 8184 pg m −3 and 2.1 × 10 8 ng g −1 (Batterman et al 2009;Mandalakis et al 2008). Although the average time spent in automobiles (1.3 h day −1 ) is dramatically less than the time spent indoors (20 h day −1 ) (USEPA 1997) , the median levels of BDE-209 in dust are~20 times higher in automobiles than household dust (Harrad et al 2008;Lagalante et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), and dechlorane plus (DP) in concentrated vehicle parking areas

Liu

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study investigated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), and dechlorane plus (DP) in air around three concentrated vehicle parking areas (underground, indoor, and outdoor) in a metropolitan of South China. The parking areas showed higher concentrations of PBDEs, PBDD/Fs, and DP than their adjacent urban area or distinct congener/isomer profiles, which indicate their local emission sources. The highest PBDE and DP concentrations were found in the outdoor parking lot, which might be related to the heating effect of direct sunlight exposure. Multi-linear regression analysis results suggest that deca-BDEs without noticeable transformation contributed most to airborne PBDEs in all studied areas, followed by penta-BDEs. The statistically lower anti-DP fractions in the urban area than that of commercial product signified its degradation/transformation during transportation. Neither PBDEs nor vehicle exhaust contributed much to airborne PBDD/Fs in the parking areas. There were 68.1-100 % of PBDEs, PBDD/Fs, and DP associated with particles. Logarithms of gas-particle distribution coefficients (K p s) of PBDEs were significantly linear-correlated with those of their sub-cooled vapor pressures (p L s) and octanol-air partition coefficients (K OA s) in all studied areas. The daily inhalation doses of PBDEs, DP, and PBDD/Fs were individually estimated as 89.7-10,741, 2.05-39.4, and 0.12-4.17 pg kg −1 day −1 for employees in the parking areas via Monte Carlo simulation.

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“…A study focusing on the investigation of indoor PM 2.5 levels in different house parts (living room, kitchen and bedroom) and on the assessment of PM 2.5 indoor levels in different residential areas of Kuwait was conducted by Yassin et al (2012) who highlighted the aggravated domestic air quality compared to that of houses in other countries. Another study that took place in Kuwait and Pakistan aimed at identifying the profiles of several classes of organic contaminants in indoor dust (Ali et al, 2013) and in parallel, at estimating the exposure of toddlers and adults to these chemicals through dust ingestion. Recently, a cross-sectional population-based study of indoor air pollution and health conducted in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was published by Yeatts et al (2012), revealing a unique profile of indoor pollution sources in this region, including intense burning and cooking in gas stoves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar

Saraga

Maggos

Sadoun³

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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ABSTRACTΤhe extreme weather conditions in Middle East Area led to the construction of tightly sealed, air conditioned buildings, characterized by indoor air quality deterioration. This study presents the results of chemical characterization of outdoor and indoor PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Doha city, over a two-month period including normal days and dust events, aiming at identifying the factors affecting the indoor air of an office building. The WHO guideline values were exceeded in 100% of the outdoor measurements. 49% of the days of the sampling campaign were characterized as non-dusty (PM 10 < 200 µg m ). The contribution of both dust and anthropogenic emissions sources is depicted in particles' mass and chemical composition. The elevated -especially outdoor-levels of carbonate carbon indicate the presence of crustal matter originating from the surrounding crustal material. OC/EC values reveal possible combined contribution from secondary organic aerosol, trafficrelated sources and re-suspended dust. The influence of anthropogenic emissions is implied by the predominance of nitrate and sulfate ions, which constitute a substantial percentage of the particle mass. The crustal origin of particles is also depicted in metals. However, the higher enrichment factor values which may imply anthropogenic activities of both the outdoor and indoor environment were determined sequentially for Cd, Pb, As, Cu and Zn, suggesting the role of infiltration. Concluding, the indoor to outdoor relationship is significantly influenced by particles infiltration and penetration into the building mainly through the ventilation system and to a lesser extent, through windows or cracks in the building envelope. Although the low indoor to outdoor ratio underlies the predominance of outdoor levels compared to the indoor ones, there is positive correlation between indoor and outdoor PM, during the days that the building was open to the public and employees.

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Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion

Cited by 218 publications

References 53 publications

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments

Airborne polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs), and dechlorane plus (DP) in concentrated vehicle parking areas

Chemical Characterization of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10) in Doha, Qatar

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