Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in dried fish consumed in Bangladesh

Abstract

As a cheap source of high-quality protein, healthy fats and essential nutrients, dried fish is a common item in the daily diet of the Bangladesh populace. In this study, ten types of widely consumed dried fish (H. neherius, T. lepturu, P.chinensis, P. affinis, A. mola, P. microdon, I. megaloptera, C. dussumieri, L. calcarifer, and G. chapra) were analyzed for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Hg, Pb, Ni and As by using an Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. The concentration of the studied metals was found in the order Fe > Zn > Hg > Cu > Se > Cr > Mn > Co > Rb > Pb, while As and Ni were below the limit of detection. All fish species showed moderate to high pollution, where the species H. Neherius and P. Chinensis are the most and least polluted ones, respectively. The probable source of contamination is the leaching from the drying pans into the fish samples, atmospheric deposition, anthropogenic contamination, etc. of the water body where these fish were harvested. The calculated hazard index for the general population was below the maximum limiting value (i.e., < 1) except for Hg to children. The carcinogenic risk showed values lower than the acceptable limit for cancer risks (10–6 to 10–4). Periodic monitoring of trace metals in the aquatic organisms along with fish is recommended to avoid any unexpected health hazards caused by the toxic heavy metals via fish consumption.

Heavy metals concentration patterns in the Atlantic horse meckrel (Trachurus trachurus), the Round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) and the Common panadora (Pagellus erythrinus) from northwestern Egyptian coasts

“…Anthropogenic activities include domestic and municipal wastes run off, sewage irrigation, mining discharges, discharges from agricultural areas using pesticides, smelting, combustion of fossil fuel refining, and former industrial sites, are the main sources of heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments. (Singh and Steinnes, 1994;Kumar Singh et al, 2007;Rakib et al, 2021).…”

Macroalgae in biomonitoring of metal pollution in the Bay of Bengal coastal waters of Cox’s Bazar and surrounding areas

“…The Minimum Detection Limit (MDL) depends on the counting statistics of the measurement and is a statistical process 37 . The MDL is obtained from the ratio of the amount of an element (in ppm) yielding an X-ray intensity equal to 3σ of the background under the peak in an interval equal to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak and the concentration of the corresponding elements determined by using the calibration procedure 38 , and calculated using relation ( 2 ): where of the relevant element.…”

“…Metal concentrations in seaweed were expressed in mg/kg ± standard error of the mean (mg kg −1 ± SEM). To allow meaningful comparison, dry weight (d.w.) concentrations were converted to wet weight (w.w.) values using the simple formula 37 : …”

Impact of Industrially Affected Soil on Humans: A Soil-Human and Soil-Plant-Human Exposure Assessment

“…To assess the non-carcinogenic risks of individual heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables. [20,36,37,46] where, ED = Estimated daily intake of heavy metal via vegetable intake. RfD = oral reference dose (mg/person/day) of metals viz.…”