Level of glycosylated haemoglobin in the first trimester in cases of gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background: Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level during early pregnancy has been proposed as a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objectives: To determine the mean value of first trimester’s glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in gestational diabetes mellitus cases. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among GDM cases at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Kathmandu Medical College after ethical clearance. Purposive sampling was done to enrol 102 cases that presented over a period of August 2020 to January 2021. First trimester HbA1c levels were recorded. The HbA1c values were grouped into two taking 5.7% as a cut-off which is an established threshold for prediabetes in a normal population. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.74 ± 4.1 years and mean body mass index was 29.13 ± 2.73 kg/m2. Mean value of HbA1c was 5.52 ± 0.44%. Mean value of fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was 102.25 ± 7.36 mg/dl and 167.55 ± 10.91 mg/dl respectively. Out of total participants, only 40 (39.21%) had HbA1c value more than 5.7% while 62 (60.78%) had HbA1c value less than 5.7%. There was weak positive correlation between HbA1c and Fasting Blood Glucose (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.13). Similarly, correlation between HbA1c and blood sugar after OGTT (r = 0.17) was also insignificant. Conclusion: This study concluded that the HbA1c value of first trimester is not very different than normal population. Hence, diabetic range of HbA1c value in first trimester is useful in diagnosing overt diabetes.

Entrepreneurship Development: A Crucial Factor for the Sustainability of Nepalese Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)

“…Entrepreneur is the main elements of the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur is the person who creates new idea, knowledge, and behavior and creates opportunity of rewards and bears the risk for rewards (Gautam, 2019). S/ he require high level of intellectual intelligence for converting the idea in to business, managing people, market place and resources that is financial, and HR as well as recognizing the change in business environment.…”

“…Entrepreneur requires bearing several risks during the operation and growth. Entrepreneurship erquires remarkable business ideas, investable capital, skills human resource, risk bearing tendency, and managerial ability to its success (Gautam, 2019). Thus, entrepreneurship is a way of living a professional life with certain venture i.e.…”

“…Entrepreneurship consists of creation of idea, investment, of money/capital and management of profit or value creation ideas/knowledge. It forces identifying and searching opportunities for being self-employed and creating and generation the employeement of many individual (Gautam, 2019). Thus, entrepreneurship is not only limited to searching and innovate new business ideas, management, operation, risk bearing and new job creation for job seekers those are not self-employed in the local levels but also enhance the economic levels of micro entrepreneur as well as nation economic prosperity.…”