Level and Pattern of Concentrate Allocation to Dairy Cows

Leaver, J. D.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-00717-7.50023-x

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…There is a considerable volume of evidence to support this approach. For example Leaver (1988), in a review of a number of production studies, suggested that responses in fat and protein yield to increased concentrate feed levels were essentially linear over the range of levels that were used in the current study.…”

Section: Food Use and Animal Performancementioning

confidence: 87%

An evaluation of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

Patterson¹,

Mayne²,

Gordon³

et al. 1997

Grass and Forage Science

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Herbage from the first regrowth of perennial ryegrass-based swards was directly ensiled after treatment with a bacterial inoculant/enzyme preparation (SIL-ALL, Alltech UK) at 3·0 l t Ϫ1 , formic acid (850 g kg Ϫ1 ) at 2·59 l t Ϫ1 or no additive (Control). The mean dry matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the grass were 185 and 24·0 g kg Ϫ1 (fresh basis) respectively. Lactic acid concentrations after ensiling increased at a lower rate in formic acid-treated herbage than with the other treatments. All silages were well preserved and formic acid-treated silage had a lower ultimate concentration of lactic acid and higher concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate. Effluent output was increased on a proportional basis by ≈0·06 with formic treatment, whereas the inoculant reduced effluent output by 0·05 in comparison with the mean effluent production of the control silage. The in vivo digestibilities of the silages were determined using sheep. The digestibilities of DM, organic matter and energy were significantly higher with inoculanttreated silage than with formic acid treatment, whereas values for the control silage were intermediate. The three silages were offered ad libitum to forty dairy cows with individual recording of daily intakes for a 10-week period in a randomized block experiment with four treatments. Sixteen animals were offered the control silage with half of these offered 3 kg concentrates per day (C3) and the other half offered 7 kg concentrates per day (C7). Twelve animals were allocated to each of the additivetreated silages, with concentrates offered at 5 kg d Ϫ1 . Treatment effects on animal performance were measured in weeks 7-10. To compare animal performance for the treated silages with the control, an estimate of performance at 5 kg concentrates per day was obtained by regression using values obtained at 3 and 7 kg concentrates. In comparison with estimated silage intake for the control silage with 5 kg d Ϫ1 concentrates, inoculant and formic acid treatment of the silages increased dry matter intake by 0·04 (P > 0·05) and 0·13 (P < 0·01) respectively. In comparison with estimated milk production and yield of fat plus protein for the control treatment with 5 kg d Ϫ1 concentrates, neither inoculant treatment nor formic acid treatment produced any significant differences.

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Section: Food Use and Animal Performancementioning

confidence: 87%

An evaluation of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

Patterson¹,

Mayne²,

Gordon³

et al. 1997

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Table I shows the main traits of the pasture. The herbage mass averaged 1.6 ton 18 S. Bovolenta et al DM·ha -1 , and increased progressively from 1.1 ton DM·ha -1 in sector 1 to 2.1 ton DM·ha -1 in sector 8, grazed first and last respectively. The CP content of grazed herbage was very high at the beginning (19.5%) and declined progressively to 12.4%.…”

Section: Meteorological Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Much research has been conducted on dairy cows at pasture to establish the effect of the level and quality of the concentrates offered. Less research has been done on the pattern of supplement allocation [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy cows grazing an alpine pasture: effect of pattern of supplement allocation on herbage intake, body condition, milk yield and coagulation properties

2002

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-The effect of two patterns of concentrate allocation were studied on twenty-eight Italian Brown cows (initial milk yield, 19.4 kg·d -1 ) grazing an alpine pasture. One group was supplemented at a flat rate, based on the initial milk production (Flat Supplement, FS), while the second was supplemented at a declining rate, according to the decline of lactation (Declining Supplement, DS). During an 8-week period in July and August, the cows were moved onto 8 successive sectors, ensuring a daily herbage allowance of 20 kg of dry matter per cow. The crude protein content of the herbage decreased from 19.5% at the beginning to 12.4% at the end, while the fibre fractions showed an opposite trend. The DS group showed a slightly higher, not significant, herbage intake (10.9 vs. 10.6 kg OM·d -1 ). BCS changes were in no case different from 0. The milk yield was positively affected by the FS (17.0 kg·d -1 vs. 15.2 kg·d -1 ); no difference was observed in milk composition. Coagulation properties were satisfactory without any appreciable effect of the two treatments. dairy cow / pasture / supplementation / herbage intake / milk production Résumé -Vaches laitières au pâturage alpin : effet des modalités de la distribution de l'aliment concentré sur la quantité d'herbe ingérée, l'état corporel, la production de lait et son aptitude à la coagulation. Vingt-huit vaches laitières de race Brune italienne (production moyenne initiale de lait : 19,4 kg·j -1 ), conduites sur un pâturage alpin, ont été réparties en 2 lots qui différaient par les modalités d'allocation du concentré. Dans le premier lot, les vaches recevaient une quantité constante de concentré, calculée d'après la production et la composition du lait pendant une période préliminaire d'une semaine (lot FS). Dans le second, elles recevaient une quantité de concentré dé-croissante, sur la base d'une production laitière persistante de 97 % par semaine (lot DS). Pendant l'essai, d'une durée de huit semaines (juillet-août), les animaux ont successivement pâturé 8 secteurs dans lesquels la disponibilité en herbe était d'environ 20 kg de matière sèche par jour. La teneur en matières azotées totales de l'herbe a diminué de 19,5 % (de la matière sèche) à 12,4 % pendant l'essai, tandis que celle en fractions fibreuses a présenté une évolution inverse. Le lot DS a été caractérisé par une ingestion plus faible de concentré (3,5 kg vs. 4,5 kg de matière organique par jour) et légère-ment plus élevée d'herbe (+0,3 kg MO·j -1 ; différence non significative). Les variations de la note d'état corporel n'ont pas été significativement différentes de 0. La production de lait a été augmentée avec le traitement FS (17,0 vs. 15,2 kg·j -1 ). La composition du lait n'a pas présenté de différences significatives. Les propriétés de coagulation du lait ont été satisfaisantes et n'ont pas été affectées par les traitements.vache laitière / pâturage / supplémentation / ingestion d'herbe / production laitière

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“…For example, diets containing a very high proportion of concentrates (0.9) have been found to support a higher peak yield, but more rapid rate of lactation decline, than diets with a lower concentrate proportion (0.6) (Broster et al 1985). The pattern of allocation of a fixed amount of concentrate throughout lactation may not affect overall lactational performance, but it will influence the magnitude of peak milk production, rate of lactation decline and fluctuations in body state (Leaver, 1988).…”

Section: Time Related Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of variability in lactational performance

Oldham

Friggens

1989

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Variation in lactational performance comes about as a result of variation in the nature of the animal, its environment, or with time. Table 1 lists a variety of sources of variability, classified under broad headings of variation with the animal (species, breed and individual), with time and with various aspects of the environment. The list is probably not comprehensive, but even so, it contains more issues than can be dealt with in depth here. So we have chosen to select for comment a few issues in which we have a particular interest and which are likely to interest members of this Society.An important feature in any consideration of lactational performance must be to note that 'lactational performance' has many dimensions. There are elements of milk secretion, change in maternal state, the growth and well-being of offspring and, in species which display lactational oestrus, the initiation of a subsequent cycle of reproduction. Each of these elements of lactational performance varies depending on species, environment and time, but not usually independently of each other. So, for example, animals which are thin at parturition might adjust both the amount of food they choose to eat and their rate of milk secretion in relation to the extent and state of their body tissue reserves. There may also be metabolic adjustments which alter the likelihood of renewed conception. It is the concerted set of events which represents lactational performance. The orchestration of the various elements of overall performance is subject to a variety of controls which deal both with tactical (homeostasis) and strategic (homeorhetic) aspects of metabolism (Bauman & Cume, 1980).A thorough appraisal of variability in lactational performance requires knowledge of each of the different contributing elements. Unfortunately, many reports of lactation concentrate only on the milk secretory process and tend to ignore other, associated, changes. We have tried here to recognize and emphasize the multi-dimensional aspect of lactational performance, and to emphasize the important interactions between the nature of the animal and its environment in determining temporal changes in overall lactational performance.A number of important issues are dealt with superficially or not at all. In addition to papers in this symposium, the following are useful reference sources which deal with variability in lactational performance in relation to evolutionary strategies, the thermal Table 1. Sources of variability in lactational performance classifid according to animal, environment and time

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Level and Pattern of Concentrate Allocation to Dairy Cows

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

An evaluation of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

An evaluation of an inoculant/enzyme preparation as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

Dairy cows grazing an alpine pasture: effect of pattern of supplement allocation on herbage intake, body condition, milk yield and coagulation properties

Sources of variability in lactational performance

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