Level-5 Autonomous Driving—Are We There Yet? A Review of Research Literature

Abstract

Autonomous vehicles are revolutionizing transport and next-generation autonomous mobility. Such vehicles are promising to increase road safety, improve traffic efficiency, reduce vehicle emission, and improve mobility. However, for these vehicles to live up to their full potentials, there are significant research, technological and urgent organizational issues that need to be addressed to reach the highest level of automation, i.e., level 5. Sensors, communication, mobile edge computing, machine learning, data analytic, distributed learning, and so on, are examples of the building blocks technologies and concepts constituting the end-to-end solution. This survey discusses these technologies and concepts and maps their roles to the end-to-end solution. It highlights the challenges for each technology. Moreover, this survey provides an analysis of different solution approaches proposed by relevant stakeholders, utilizing these technologies aiming to achieve level-5 autonomy. Finally, the article details two use cases to present the interplay of the building blocks technologies.

Foggy Lane Dataset Synthesized from Monocular Images for Lane Detection Algorithms

“…It can be seen that image degradation and information loss increase with depth 𝑙(𝑥). Therefore, to generate synthetic fog images from the original clear scene, the key is to obtain the value of 𝑙(𝑥) in (2), that is, the depth information of the clear images needs to be extracted.…”

“…With the rapid development of autonomous driving and assisted driving technologies, the accurate perception of dynamic traffic elements has become an essential prerequisite for reliable active safety strategies [ 1 , 2 ]. As a vital function of dynamic traffic perception, lane detection has gained increasing attention in recent years.…”

Recuperação do Serviço de Pelotão de Veículos Autônomos e Conectados Baseado em Modelos Virtuais Contra Ataques na Rede e Sensores

“…As pesquisas em sistemas de veículos autônomos e conectados (VACs) vem ganhando mais atenc ¸ão das industrias e academias devido ao seu potencial em auxiliar a reduzir os acidentes fatais [Chen et al 2019, Rana and Hossain 2021, Khan et al 2022, restringir a intervenc ¸ão humana na conduc ¸ão, e à automatizac ¸ão dos servic ¸os de mobilidade urbana. A implantac ¸ão de veículos autônomos colabora ao desenvolvimento de servic ¸os e aplicac ¸ões em Sistemas de Transporte Inteligente Colaborativos voltados ao domínio de seguranc ¸a e entretenimento.…”

Modeling the Competition between Multiple Automated Mobility On-Demand Operators: An Agent-Based Approach

“…A transition to Automated Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) systems for both people and goods is actually already underway. Given the strong possibility that there will be widely available AMoD services in the future, various studies have investigated the impacts of introducing AMoD systems into cities [1,2].…”