Leukodiapedesis and leukocyte migration in the leptomeninges and in the subarachnoid space

Krahn, V

doi:10.1007/bf00313317

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They also facilitate the movement of inflammatory cells within the SAS. The leptomeningeal cells of the pia offer little resistance to the passage of inflammatory cells [45,57] (Fig. 4d) although they do block the passage of erythrocytes and particulate matter [45].…”

Section: Facilitatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

et al. 2018

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Meninges that surround the CNS consist of an outer fibrous sheet of dura mater (pachymeninx) that is also the inner periosteum of the skull. Underlying the dura are the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) that form the boundaries of the subarachnoid space. In this review we (1) examine the development of leptomeninges and their role as barriers and facilitators in the foetal CNS. There are two separate CSF systems during early foetal life, inner CSF in the ventricles and outer CSF in the subarachnoid space. As the foramina of Magendi and Luschka develop, one continuous CSF system evolves. Due to the lack of arachnoid granulations during foetal life, it is most likely that CSF is eliminated by lymphatic drainage pathways passing through the cribriform plate and nasal submucosa. (2) We then review the fine structure of the adult human and rodent leptomeninges to establish their roles as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens. Leptomeningeal cells line CSF spaces, including arachnoid granulations and lymphatic drainage pathways, and separate elements of extracellular matrix from the CSF. The leptomeningeal lining facilitates the traffic of inflammatory cells within CSF but also allows attachment of bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and of tumour cells as CSF metastases. Single layers of leptomeningeal cells extend into the brain closely associated with the walls of arteries so that there are no perivascular spaces around arteries in the cerebral cortex. Perivascular spaces surrounding arteries in the white matter and basal ganglia relate to their two encompassing layers of leptomeninges. (3) Finally we examine the roles of ligands expressed by leptomeningeal cells for the attachment of inflammatory cells, bacteria and tumour cells as understanding these roles may aid the design of therapeutic strategies to manage developmental, autoimmune, infectious and neoplastic diseases relating to the CSF, the leptomeninges and the associated CNS.

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Section: Facilitatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

et al. 2018

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“…Although potentially permeable to migrating inflammatory cells, it is impermeable to red blood cells [6,10]. It is therefore expected that no traces of subpial blood appear in CSF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A series of patients with subpial hemorrhage: Clinical manifestation, neuroradiological presentation and therapeutic implications

et al. 2008

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Subpial hemorrhage is a rare finding in patients with a variable spectrum of neurological symptoms and signs. Here we present a series of 10 patients with subpial hemorrhage, 53 to 80 years old, diagnosed and treated within the last 4 years at a single center. Patients were identified based on imaging criteria with either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) showing blood along the cortical surface. Presenting symptoms were diverse, with seizures being the most frequent followed by headaches and focal neurological signs such as sensory or motor deficits. Of 7 patients undergoing lumbar puncture, none showed fresh blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) xanthochromia. Neither digital subtraction angiography (DSA) nor MR venography (MRV) confirmed cerebral vein thrombosis as a possible etiologic factor for subpial hemorrhage. Patients for whom follow-up was available (n=8), showed complete recovery indicating an excellent prognosis. Overall, the etiology of subpial hemorrhage remains obscure. Treatment should be symptomatic with particular attention to antiepileptic medication.

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“…This phenomenon may suggest that CSF may permeate into the perivascular spaces. 18 This may suggest that glia limitans over the cerebral cortical surface and the subpial collagen layer that covers the whole spinal cord are main barriers between ISF and CSF for migration of the inflammatory cells. 9 Soluble tracers injected into the subarachnoid space of experimental animals pass along perivascular spaces in the brain and spinal cord, but insoluble particles and red blood cells are blocked by the pia mater and cannot enter the extracellular space.…”

Section: Csf and Isf Relationships In The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphatic Drainage of the Brain and Clinical Implications of the Protein Elimination Failure Arteriopathies

Yildirim

Kaya

Taşdemiroğlu

et al. 2013

Neurosurgery Quarterly

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In most organs of the body, lymphatic drainage involves the drainage of solutes, antigens, antigen-presenting cells, and tissue debris along the defined lymphatic channels to the regional lymph nodes. The central nervous system is considered to be an immunologically privileged organ without conventional lymphatic system and lymphatic drainage. Although there are no conventional lymphatic pathways in the brain, physiological studies revealed a substantial and immunologically significant lymphatic drainage from the brain to the cervical lymph nodes in humans. Besides, cerebrospinal fluid drains through the cribriform plate and nasal mucosa to cervical lymph nodes in humans. Lymphatic drainage of the interstitial fluid and solutes from the brain parenchyma is carried out along the walls of capillaries and cerebral arteries. None of the antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes drains to cervical lymph nodes by the perivascular route, and this may be a factor in immunologic privilege of the brain. Disturbance of perivascular drainage of fluids and solutes (abnormal/ garbage proteins) from the brain parenchyma is called protein elimination failure arteriopathies. These protein deposits are associated with the pathophysiology of these diseases and include cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Alzheimer diseases, Cruzfeld-Jacobs diseases, Parkinson disease, chronic traumatic encephalomyopathy, frontotemporal dementia, sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other TDP-43 proteinopathies, etc. According to our opinion, protein elimination failure arteriopathy is a disease characterized by the failure of elimination of toxic, degenerated, possibly used, garbage (abnormal) proteins, from the extracellular milieu. This new idea on how abnormally folded versions of these proteins may be toxic and could lead to disease yields insights into the disease pathogenesis and may also provide some new therapeutic insights. In this review, we survey the evidence for the flow of brain interstitial fluid through the preferential pathways through the brain, its relation to cerebrospinal fluid, and the results of the blockage of lymphatic drainage from the brain parenchyma.

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Leukodiapedesis and leukocyte migration in the leptomeninges and in the subarachnoid space

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS

A series of patients with subpial hemorrhage: Clinical manifestation, neuroradiological presentation and therapeutic implications

Lymphatic Drainage of the Brain and Clinical Implications of the Protein Elimination Failure Arteriopathies

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