Abstract:Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n = 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n = 5) or 8 deg (n = 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n = 5) and one group serve… Show more
“…Many investigators have reported no effect of exercise on IL-10 secretion (15,31), while others have observed increased plasma IL-10 levels following exercise (17,32). Similar to the present study, Brenner et al (22) have described a reduction in plasma IL-10 levels following "all-out" cycling (5 min, 90% of VO 2max ), supporting the concept that the pattern and magnitude of the IL-10 response vary with exercise intensity and duration.…”
“…Many investigators have reported no effect of exercise on IL-10 secretion (15,31), while others have observed increased plasma IL-10 levels following exercise (17,32). Similar to the present study, Brenner et al (22) have described a reduction in plasma IL-10 levels following "all-out" cycling (5 min, 90% of VO 2max ), supporting the concept that the pattern and magnitude of the IL-10 response vary with exercise intensity and duration.…”
“…quadriceps) move through the swing-lengthening phase of the running motion. If the primary force is only applied at the end of the action, it is possible that the primary stress is on collagen and tendon structures outside the muscle fibre; 10 this would be supported by findings of Malm and colleagues, 11,12 who D. Gastrocnemius suggest that after downhill running, inflammatory factors are present in muscle epimysium and that the focal injury does not exist in muscle.…”
Section: Neutrophil and Monocyte Countsupporting
confidence: 50%
“…Previous studies, using downhill running, have generally taken blood samples starting at 24 h after the exercise bout. 2,3,12 We believe this is the first study to demonstrate that significant differences occur as early as 3 h after the downhill run.…”
Section: Creatine Kinasementioning
confidence: 98%
“…On the other hand, in the present study and in a previous study, 21 the mode of exercise involved downhill running; it is proposed that this be regarded as low intensity, high repetitions aerobic-like eccentrics. 11,12,21 Although much emphasis has been placed on differences in training adaptations associated with high-force resistance-like exercise, 14 versus low-force, high-repetitions, such as occurs in aerobic-like exercise, surprisingly, these differences have been virtually ignored in terms of exercise-induced muscle damage.…”
Objective. A primary objective was to examine circulating neutrophil count after repeated bouts of downhill running. An additional aim was to determine creatine kinase (CK) levels during the initial 12 hours, after repeated DHRs.Design. Eleven healthy, untrained Caucasian males performed 2 x 60 min bouts of DHR (-13.5%), spaced 14 days apart, at a speed equal to 75% VO 2max on a level grade. Blood was collected before, after, and every hour for 12 hours, and every 24 hours for 6 days. Absolute neutrophil count, CK, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05) with appropriate post hoc tests.
“…However, during excessive prolonged exercise (>3h), the concentration of circulating NK cells may return to the pre-exercise level, or even become lower 62 . It is hypothesized that this decrease is due to the migration of these cells to sites of muscular injury 63 . Some studies demonstrate that the two subgroups, CD56bright and CD56dim, increase during exercise; however, there is a differential mobilization between them.…”
Introduction: Over the last century, people have become less active, adopting more sedentary habits. This scenario has increased the incidence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The practice of physical activities can influence healthiness by altering the metabolic state and also the immune system. Objective: To review the literature for studies that address the effects promoted by physical exercise on the development of immune responses and the possible signal transduction pathways. Methods: The SciELO and PubMed data bases were consulted. Results: The available literature shows that during the practice of exercise, various subpopulations of leukocytes are altered in accordance with the intensity and duration of the activity performed. Exercise of moderate intensity stimulates a pro-inflammatory response, while those of high intensity tend to promote antiinflammatory responses that could decrease damage to skeletal muscle. Such alterations are observed in cells that present antigens (such as macrophages and dendritic cells), neutrophils, natural killer cells (NK) and in surface molecules like Toll-like receptors (TLR) and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the entire repertoire of cytokines. Conclusion: The current state of knowledge suggests that the alterations in the immune system are dependent on parameters inherent to exercise and that in order to have all these alterations occurring, some cell signaling cascades are activated, giving rise to a complex process of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation that culminates in the activation of transcription factors, translation of mRNA's, protein synthesis and cell proliferation.
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