Leucine Enkephalin: Localization in and Axoplasmic Transport by Sacral Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Glazer, Ellyn J.; Basbaum, Allan I.

doi:10.1126/science.6155697

Cited by 147 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1C). Since these varicosities are eliminated by surgical interruption of the sacral parasympathetic outflow ) and since many of the cholinergic preganglionic neurones in the sacral spinal cord that project to the urinary bladder contain leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity (Glazer & Basbaum, 1980;de Groat, Kawatani, Booth, Lowe & Zug, 1982b;de Groat et al 1986), it has been suggested that leucine-enkephalin is a co-transmitter with acetylcholine in the sacral preganglionic pathways to the bladder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

Groat

Kawatani

1989

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Repetitive stimulation (10-20 Hz, 0 5-5 s duration) of the preganglionic nerves to ganglia on the surface of the urinary bladder of the cat produced a prolonged inhibition (duration, 30-65 s) of the postganglionic action potentials, elicited by lowfrequency stimulation (0-25-1 Hz) of another preganglionic nerve to the same ganglion.2. Intra-arterial administration of naloxone, an opiate antagonist (20-50 ,ug/kg), reduced the magnitude and duration of this heterosynaptic inhibition and also blocked the depression of ganglionic transmission elicited by the intra-arterial administration of leucine-enkephalin (0-1-10 jug/kg).3. Naloxone did not alter adrenergic inhibition elicited by repetitive stimulation of the hypogastric nerve or exogenous noradrenaline. Naloxone did not alter the postganglionic firing elicited by single stimuli or trains of low-frequency (1--3 Hz) stimuli to the preganglionic nerves.4. Heterosynaptic inhibition was not altered by the administration of antagonists for a-adrenergic (dihydroergotamine, prazosin, yohimbine), muscarinic (atropine), purinergic (theophylline) or GABAergic (picrotoxin) receptors. 5. A 6-selective opiate receptor agonist, DSLET (D-Ser2-leucine-enkephalin-Thr), inhibited parasympathetic ganglionic transmission in low doses (mean threshold dose, 002 ug/kg, I.A.), whereas a ,u-opiate receptor agonist, morphine sulphate, produced only a small depression in larger doses (mean threshold dose, 100 ,ug/kg, I.A.). Ethylketocyclazocine, which has an affinity for K-receptors did not alter transmission in relatively large doses (1 mg/kg, I.A.). 6. These findings coupled with previous immunocytochemical demonstrations of leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in preganglionic nerve terminals in bladder ganglia suggest that opioid peptides released endogenously from preganglionic nerves are involved in 8-receptor-mediated inhibitory mechanisms at cholinergic synapses in bladder ganglia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

Groat

Kawatani

1989

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Similarly, it recently was suggested. that parasympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals perhaps release both acetylcholine and enkephalin, on the basis of the finding of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in cell bodies in the sacral autonomic nucleus and efferent axons in the second sacral ventral root in cat (46). One might then speculate that the slow build-up (30,47), long poststimulatory phase (30,47), and reversibility of a-bungarotoxin block (48) of efferent inhibition in the organ of Corti are due to a combined action of enkephalin and acetylcholine at the synaptic junction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity of olivocochlear nerve fibers in cochlea of guinea pig and cat

Fex

Altschuler

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The distribution ofenkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the cochlea ofthe guinea pig and cat was studied. Indirect immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry using antisera generated against a methionine enkephalin-bovine thyroglobulin conjugate was applied to surface preparations of the organ of Corti and cryostat sections of the whole of the cochlea. In the cochlear osseous spiral lamina, immunofluorescence was localized to unmyelinated fibers ofthe intraganglionic spiral bundle. In the organ of Corti, immunofluorescence was localized to a small number of fibers at inner hair cells, the inner spiral bundle, and tunnel spiral bundle, to tunnel crossing fibers at the level of the tunnel floor, to an occasional spiral outer fiber, and to the synaptic region ofouter hair cells in the three rows of the basal turn of the cochlea. Less immunofluorescence was found in this region as one progressed towards the apex, with none seen at the apex. At the most apical region the inner spiral bundle became patchy and the tunnel spiral bundle developed arcades. There was no immunofluorescence found in spiral ganglion cells, in auditory nerve fibers, or in the hair cells of the organ of Corti. The findings were the same in cat as in guinea pig, the latter being studied in more detail. It was concluded that efferent, olivocochlear neurons ofthe cochlea, synapsing predominantly with primary auditory nerve fibers from the inner sensory cells or with the sensory cells, contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Also, the findings indicate that endings of olivocochlear neurons that synapse predominantly with outer hair cells contain enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. It has previously been shown that ofivocochlear neurons are likely to be cholinergic.Methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin are opioid pentapeptides originally isolated from the whole brain (1, 2). Immunohistochemical mapping of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system was done (3-5), and it was noted that in certain regions enkephalin-like immunoreactivity and opiate receptors had a similar distribution (3, 5). A much entertained working hypothesis is that enkephalins may act as neurotransmitters or modulate the action of neurotransmitters (6).In the organ ofCorti, each inner hair cell synapses with about 20 auditory nerve boutons from about 90% of the total spiral ganglion cell population (7-9). The outer hair cells make relatively few synapses with auditory nerve boutons from about 10% of the spiral ganglion cells (7-9). The auditory receptor organ also receives efferent, centrifugal innervation from the brainstem, through olivocochlear neurons. In the cochlea, myelinated and unmyelinated olivocochlear fibers spiral in the fascicles ofthe intraganglionic bundle (10, 11) and then fan out to the organ of Corti. In the organ of Corti, such fibers form the inner spiral bundle and the tunnel spiral bundle (12)(13)(14). Inner hair cells and auditory nerve dendrites under inner hair cells receive efferent innervation from the inner spiral bundl...

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“…Thus, VIP is very likely colocalized with ACh in some bladder ganglion cells. Cat, bladder ganglion cells receive an extensive cholinergic/enkephalinergic input from sacral preganglionic neurons (160, 236,267,311). CGRP, substance P and VIP-containing axons and axonal-varicosities are also present in cat pelvic and bladder ganglia, where they represent, in part, afferent pathways (162, 267,310,313).…”

Section: Peripheral Nervous System Efferent Innervation and Neurotranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most prominent peptidergic system in pelvic ganglia is the enkephalinergic preganglionic pathway arising from neurons in lumbosacral parasympathetic nucleus in the spinal cord (160, 236,266,316,320). Exogenous opioid peptides that activate delta opioid receptors mimick heterosynaptic inhibition of transmission (159, 570) whereas agents that activate mu and kappa opioid receptors are ineffective.…”

Section: Modulation Of Transmission In Autonomic Gangliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract

2009

Encyclopedia of Neuroscience

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This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry and neurotransmitter mechanisms controlling the lower urinary tract. The functions of the lower urinary tract to store and periodically eliminate urine are regulated by a complex neural control system in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic ganglia that coordinates the activity of smooth and striated muscles of the bladder and urethral outlet. The neural control of micturition is organized as a hierarchical system in which spinal storage mechanisms are in turn regulated by circuitry in the rostral brain stem that initiates reflex voiding. Input from the forebrain triggers voluntary voiding by modulating the brain stem circuitry. Many neural circuits controlling the lower urinary tract exhibit switch-like patterns of activity that turn on and off in an all-or-none manner. The major component of the micturition switching circuit is a spinobulbospinal parasympathetic reflex pathway that has essential connections in the periaqueductal gray and pontine micturition center. A computer model of this circuit that mimics the switching functions of the bladder and urethra at the onset of micturition is described. Micturition occurs involuntarily in infants and young children until the age of 3 to 5 years, after which it is regulated voluntarily. Diseases or injuries of the nervous system in adults can cause the re-emergence of involuntary micturition, leading to urinary incontinence. Neuroplasticity underlying these developmental and pathological changes in voiding function is discussed.

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Leucine Enkephalin: Localization in and Axoplasmic Transport by Sacral Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Cited by 147 publications

References 19 publications

Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity of olivocochlear nerve fibers in cochlea of guinea pig and cat

Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract

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