Letters to the Editor

Reinhart, Thomas C.; Stoller, Norman H.; Manhart, Michael D.; Baer, Paul N.; Astemborski, Jacqueline; Boughman, Joann A.; Suzuki, Jon B.

doi:10.1902/jop.1990.61.5.305

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…As a consequence, patients may suffer from neurosensory disturbance or impaired taste sensation [ 34 – 36 ]. Due to its course and location, the medial aspect of the mandible adjacent to the third molar and the lateral edge of the tongue base are the areas where the LN is most susceptible to surgical or procedural trauma [ 8 , 37 ] The cause for LN injury in the former site is third molar surgery [ 8 , 36 , 38 – 46 ], orthognathic surgery [ 47 – 50 ], and occasionally periodontal [ 51 , 52 ] or pre-prosthetic surgery [ 38 ]. LN injury at the lateral edge of the tongue base has occasionally been reported to occur in association with the provision of general anaesthesia via submental endotracheal intubation [ 53 ] or following trauma that results from endolaryngeal microsurgery (suspended laryngoscopy) [ 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Lingual Nerve Course: A Human Cadaveric Study

et al. 2016

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The lingual nerve is a terminal branch of the mandibular nerve. It is varied in its course and in its relationship to the mandibular alveolar crest, submandibular duct and also the related muscles in the floor of the mouth. This study aims to understand the course of the lingual nerve from the molar area until its insertion into the tongue muscle. This cadaveric research involved the study of 14 hemi-mandibles and consisted of two parts: (i) obtaining morphometrical measurements of the lingual nerve to three landmarks on the alveolar ridge, and (b) understanding non-metrical or morphological appearance of its terminal branches inserting in the ventral surface of the tongue. The mean distance between the fourteen lingual nerves and the alveolar ridge was 12.36 mm, and they were located 12.03 mm from the lower border of the mandible. These distances were varied when near the first molar (M1), second molar (M2) and third molar (M3). The lingual nerve coursed on the floor of the mouth for approximately 25.43 mm before it deviated toward the tongue anywhere between the mesial of M1 and distal of M2. Thirteen lingual nerves were found to loop around the submandibular duct for an average distance of 6.92 mm (95% CI: 5.24 to 8.60 mm). Their looping occurred anywhere between the M2 and M3. In 76.9% of the cases the loop started around the M3 region and the majority (69.2%) of these looping ended at between the first and second molars and at the lingual developmental groove of the second molar. It gave out as many as 4 branches at its terminal end at the ventral surface of the tongue, with the presence of 2 branches being the most common pattern. An awareness of the variations of the lingual nerve is important to prevent any untoward complications or nerve injury and it is hoped that these findings will be useful for planning of surgical procedures related to the alveolar crest, submandibular gland/ duct and surrounding areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Lingual Nerve Course: A Human Cadaveric Study

et al. 2016

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“…The other frequent cause of LN injury is a trauma‐induced injury to the nerve during the administration of anesthesia, such as during the IAN blocks (Garisto et al, 2010; Tan et al, 2014). Other causes of possible nerve damage include procedures such as the excision of neoplastic lesions (Behnia et al, 2000), periodontal and periprosthetic operations (Hunt, 1976; Mozsary & Middleton, 1984; Reinhart et al, 1990), ductoplasty and removal of sialoliths, orthognathic surgeries such as a sagittal split osteotomy (Al‐Bishri et al, 2004; Guernsey & DeChamplain, 1971; Jacks et al, 1998; Mosleh et al, 2016), vestibuloplasty (de Koomen, 1977), submental endotracheal intubation (de Toledo et al, 2013), and suspended laryngoscopy (Gaut & Williams, 2000; Mohamad & Mohamad, 2012; Teichner, 1971). The tongue retractor used by oral surgeons during intraoral procedures has also been implicated in causing LN compression (Teichner, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete anatomy of the lingual nerve: A meta‐analysis with implications for oral and maxillofacial surgery

et al. 2023

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Lingual nerve (LN) injury during surgical procedures in the third molar region warrants a detailed study of its common pathway and important variations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze and compile the multiple anatomical variations of the LN for use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is anticipated that the results of the present meta-analysis may help to minimize the possible complications when performing procedures associated with this anatomical entity. Major online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase were used to gather all relevant studies regarding the LN anatomy. The results were established based on a total of 1665 LNs. The pooled prevalence of the LN being located below the lingual/ alveolar crest was found to be 77.87% (95% CI: 0.00%-100.00%). The LN was located above the lingual/ alveolar crest in 8.21% (95% CI: 4.63%-12.89%) of examined nerves. The most common shape of the LN was established to be round with a prevalence of 40.96% (95% CI: 23.96%-59.06%), followed by oval at 37.98% (95% CI: 23.98%-53.02%) and flat at 25.16% (95% CI: 12.85%-39.77%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date study regarding the anatomy of the LN. The LN was found to be located below the lingual/alveolar crest in 77.87% of the cases. Furthermore, the LN was found to enter the tongue under the submandibular duct in 68.39% of the cases. Knowledge about the anatomy of the LN is crucial for numerous oral and maxillofacial procedures such as during the extraction of the third molar.

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