Lethality of four species of Phasmarhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) to the invasive slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Gastropoda: Agriolimacidae) in laboratory infectivity trials

Donnell, Rory J. Mc; Colton, Andrew; Howe, Dana K.; Denver, Dee R.

doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104349

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Phasmarhabditis californica has been isolated from Wales (Andrus & Rae, 2019), Ireland (Carnaghi et al, 2016), the USA (Tandingan De Ley et al, 2016;Mc Donnell et al, 2020), New Zealand (Wilson et al, 2016 and recently Canada (Brophy et al, 2020). The biology of the nematode is relatively unknown but it is a lethal parasite (like P. hermaphrodita) as USA strains of P. californica have been shown to kill the grey field slug (D. reticulatum) (Mc Donnell et al, 2020) and snails (T. pisana) (Tandingan De Ley et al, 2020). The virulence of our strains isolated from Germany warrants further investigation as natural variation in P. hermaphrodita strains has been demonstrated (Cutler & Rae, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phasmarhabditis californica in Germany

et al. 2022

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Phasmarhabditis californica in Germany

et al. 2022

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“…There has been no research on the pathogenic potential of P. californica isolated from the U.K. however, Tandingan De Ley et al (2020) showed P. californica from the U.S. could kill the snail T. pisana (albeit with high doses of 150 nematodes per cm 2 ) and was equally as pathogenic as P. hermaphrodita and P. papillosa. McDonnell et al (2020) tested the infectivity of P. hermaphrodita, P. californica and P. papillosa to D. reticulatum and found P. papillosa was the most pathogenic. From our research it is clear that P. californica is pathogenic to neonate stages of C. aspersum but this is strain dependant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hermaphrodita is not the only member of the 13 species (Tandingan De Ley et al, 2017) that encompass the Phasmarhabditis genus which can kill slugs. As well as P. hermaphrodita, P. papillosa (Laznik et al, 2020;McDonnell et al, 2020;Pieterse et al, 2017;Tandingan De Ley et al, 2020), P. neopapillosa (Hooper et al, 1999), P. tawfiki (Azzam & Tawfiki, 2003), P. safricana (Ross et al, 2018) and P. californica (McDonnell et al, 2020;Tandingan De Ley et al, 2020) have been shown to infect and kill slugs and snails. There is also a short report stating P. bohemica, P. bonaquaense and P. apuliae can also kill slugs (Nermut et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been isolated from the U.K. (Andrus & Rae, 2019), the U.S.A. (McDonnell et al, 2020;Tandingan De Ley et al, 2016), New Zealand (Wilson et al, 2016) and recently Canada (Brophy et al, 2020). U.S. strains of P. californica have been shown to kill the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) (McDonnell et al, 2020) and snails (Theba pisana) (Tandingan De Ley et al, 2020), however, there is nothing known about the pathogenic ability of P. californica isolated from the U.K. Three strains (designated DMG0017, DMG0018 and DMG0019) were isolated from a single snail (Oxychilus draparnaudi) in Pembrokeshire, Wales (SM809057) and have been kept in culture since 2014 on White traps (White, 1927) using rotting slug (Limax flavus), see Andrus and Rae (2019) for further details. Therefore, in order to investigate the pathogencity of these strains we exposed P. californica (DMG0017, DMG0018 and DMG0019) to neonate and adult Cornu aspersum, a notorious pest species found across Europe and America (Guiller et al, 2012), and compared their effectiveness at causing mortality to the commercial strain of P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size-susceptibility of Cornu aspersum exposed to the malacopathogenic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. californica

Grannell

Cutler

Rae

2021

Biocontrol Science and Technology

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Slugs and snails are agricultural pests usually controlled by chemical bait pellets however an alternative method is the commercially produced malacopathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which is sold across northern Europe. P. hermaphrodita can kill several slug species but is unable to affect larger pestiferous snails. Therefore, we examined whether the closely related species Phasmarhabditis californica, isolated from the U.K. could kill neonate or adult common garden snails (Cornu aspersum). In our first experiment, neonate C. aspersum were exposed to 1000 nematodes per tube containing three strains of P. californica (designated DMG0017, DMG0018 or DMG0019) (as well as the commercial formulation of P. hermaphrodita DMG0001) and feeding inhibition and survival were monitored over 14 days. All nematodes apart from P. californica (DMG0017) killed the snails and caused feeding inhibition. In a follow up experiment we exposed adult C. aspersum to two doses (30 and 90 nematodes per cm 2 ) of P. californica (DMG0019) and P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001) and monitored survival, feeding inhibition and changes in weight over 21 days. Neither nematode species affected survival, feeding inhibition or weight of the adult snails. In summary, P. californica (DMG0018 and DMG0019) are as pathogenic as P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001) and could be used to target neonate snails, however, the use of malacopathogenic nematodes to control large adult snails continues to be problematic.

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“…A more thorough understanding of the biology and host range of candidate Phasmarhabditis spp., comprehensive host range testing that incorporates native gastropod species, and input from expert malacologists are essential in assessing the potential safety and effective use of Phasmarhabditis spp. as pest control agents in the U.S. [ 140 ]. Additionally, alternative management practices with lower potential for negative impacts should be explored.…”

Section: Current Best Practices Sarcophagid Flies and Phasmarhabditismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Control of Pest Non-Marine Molluscs: A Pacific Perspective on Risks to Non-Target Organisms

Christensen

Cowie

Yeung

et al. 2021

Insects

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Classic biological control of pest non-marine mollusks has a long history of disastrous outcomes, and despite claims to the contrary, few advances have been made to ensure that contemporary biocontrol efforts targeting mollusks are safe and effective. For more than half a century, malacologists have warned of the dangers in applying practices developed in the field of insect biological control, where biocontrol agents are often highly host-specific, to the use of generalist predators and parasites against non-marine mollusk pests. Unfortunately, many of the lessons that should have been learned from these failed biocontrol programs have not been rigorously applied to contemporary efforts. Here, we briefly review the failures of past non-marine mollusk biocontrol efforts in the Pacific islands and their adverse environmental impacts that continue to reverberate across ecosystems. We highlight the fact that none of these past programs has ever been demonstrated to be effective against targeted species, and at least two (the snails Euglandina spp. and the flatworm Platydemus manokwari) are implicated in the extinction of hundreds of snail species endemic to Pacific islands. We also highlight other recent efforts, including the proposed use of sarcophagid flies and nematodes in the genus Phasmarhabditis, that clearly illustrate the false claims that past bad practices are not being repeated. We are not making the claim that biocontrol programs can never be safe and effective. Instead, we hope that in highlighting the need for robust controls, clear and measurable definitions of success, and a broader understanding of ecosystem level interactions within a rigorous scientific framework are all necessary before claims of success can be made by biocontrol advocates. Without such amendments to contemporary biocontrol programs, it will be impossible to avoid repeating the failures of non-marine mollusk biocontrol programs to date.

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Lethality of four species of Phasmarhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) to the invasive slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Gastropoda: Agriolimacidae) in laboratory infectivity trials

Cited by 26 publications

References 30 publications

Phasmarhabditis californica in Germany

Phasmarhabditis californica in Germany

Size-susceptibility of Cornu aspersum exposed to the malacopathogenic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. californica

Biological Control of Pest Non-Marine Molluscs: A Pacific Perspective on Risks to Non-Target Organisms

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