Lethal in vitro effects of optimized chitosan nanoparticles against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus

Abstract

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exploring safe and effective scolicidal agents for the surgery is an urgent need for the successful treatment of CE. This study aimed to determine scolicidal activity of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles. Physicochemical properties of synthesized nanoparticles were determined by using DLS, FTIR, and SEM. Different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles from 125 to 1000 μg/ml were examined at different incubation times (10, 60, 120, and 180 min). Scolicidal and cytotoxic activity of chitosan nanoparticles were confirmed by eosin exclusion and hemolysis activity tests. FTIR spectra, zeta potential (+42 ± 2.08) and PDI (0.388 ± 0.034) value revealed that the chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized. Significant differences among the scolicidal effects of chitosan nanoparticles were observed in comparison to the control treatments and highest scolicidal activity was observed at 1000 μg/ml after 180 min exposure time. Hemolytic activity was not significant at all concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles. Our findings support the hypothesis that Chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to be a safe and efficient scolicidal agent candidate at very low concentrations and in a wide range of exposure time. Further in vivo studies are recommended to evaluate chitosan nanoparticle efficacy before clinical application.

1-Preparation, Characterization, and Efficiency of Loading Leiurus quinquestriatus Venom on Chitosan Nanoparticles Extracted from Some Scorpions .

“…Peaks at 1645 cm -1 and 1540 cm -1 , respectively, which were the vibrational frequencies of the peptide bonds: C=O and C-N stretching as well as N-H bending modes, were visible in the FT-IR spectra of the venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (V-CN1, V-CN2, and V-CN3). The bands at 1415 cm -1 focused on how CH2/CH3 bunches bend in the side chains of peptide amino acids (Mirzaei et al, 2017), (Rebbouh, Martin-Eauclaire and Laraba-Djebari, 2020), (Firouzeh et al, 2021). The P=O group was shown by the bands at 1170 cm -1 , which also revealed the chemical interactions and confirmed the venom's effective loading within the polymeric chitosan nanoparticles (Mirzaei et al, 2017), (Rebbouh, Martin-Eauclaire and Laraba-Djebari, 2020), (Firouzeh et al, 2021) The hydrogen bonding between TPP and chitosan nanoparticles, which led to a considerably larger peak at this position, was also demonstrated by the peak at 3400 cm -1 , which was present (Mirzaei et al, 2017).…”

“…The bands at 1415 cm -1 focused on how CH2/CH3 bunches bend in the side chains of peptide amino acids (Mirzaei et al, 2017), (Rebbouh, Martin-Eauclaire and Laraba-Djebari, 2020), (Firouzeh et al, 2021). The P=O group was shown by the bands at 1170 cm -1 , which also revealed the chemical interactions and confirmed the venom's effective loading within the polymeric chitosan nanoparticles (Mirzaei et al, 2017), (Rebbouh, Martin-Eauclaire and Laraba-Djebari, 2020), (Firouzeh et al, 2021) The hydrogen bonding between TPP and chitosan nanoparticles, which led to a considerably larger peak at this position, was also demonstrated by the peak at 3400 cm -1 , which was present (Mirzaei et al, 2017). The apexes at 2118 cm −1 and 2878 cm −1 demonstrated the presence of venom in nanoparticles (Dadras et al, 2013).…”

2-In vitro Scolecidal Effects of Chitosan (isolatedfrom some scorpions), Chitosan Nanoparticles, Scorpion’S Venom, and Scorpion Venom-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

“…Human hydatid cysts can result in respiratory illness or liver dysfunction, and if cysts rupture, anaphylaxis can develop (Firouzeh et al, 2021). Surgery is still the main treatment for hydatid disease (Firouzeh et al, 2021).…”

“…Human hydatid cysts can result in respiratory illness or liver dysfunction, and if cysts rupture, anaphylaxis can develop (Firouzeh et al, 2021). Surgery is still the main treatment for hydatid disease (Firouzeh et al, 2021). However, several drug classes, such as cytostatics, antibiotics, sulphonamides, antiprotozoal substances, and several antihelmintic drugs, have been studied for their effectiveness against the metacestode stages of Echinococcus and used before and after surgery to reduce the risk of parasites invading nearby organs and eliminate the protoscoleces (Vidoura et al, 2017 andFirouzeh et al, 2021).…”

“…Studies have shown that several human life-threatening parasites are significantly affected by the venom of snakes and scorpions, including Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma species (Firouzeh et al, 2021). Numerous peptides found in the venom of scorpions have caught the interest of numerous scientists interested in the potential medicinal applications of these compounds (Perumal Samy et al, 2017).…”