“…The CDV outbreak in Lake Baikal was most likely generated by a spillover from terrestrial carnivores in the vicinity. Our analysis indicates that the Baikal seal CDV strain sits most basally to all other recognized strains in the Arctic clade and has a different evolutionary pathway compared to the more recent strains found in Italy [61]. It was previously reported that the Arctic strain has become endemic in Lake Baikal as it continues to circulate among Baikal seals [62].…”
Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus; CDV) is a worldwide distributed morbillivirus that causes sporadic cases and recurrent epizootics among an increasing number of wild, feral, and domestic animal species. We investigated the evolutionary history of CDV strains involved in the 1988 Lake Baikal (CDVPS88) and the 2000 Caspian Sea (CDVPC00) seal die-offs by recovery of full-length sequences from archived material using next-generation sequencing. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses indicated that CDVPC00 constitutes a novel strain in a separate clade (tentatively termed “Caspian”) from the America-1 clade, which is comprised of older vaccine strains. The America-1/Caspian monophyletic group is positioned most basally with respect to other clades and is estimated to have separated from other CDV clades around 1832. Our results indicate that CDVPC00 recovered from the epizootic in the Caspian Sea in 2000 belongs to a previously undetected novel clade and constitutes the most ancestral wild-type CDV clade.
“…The CDV outbreak in Lake Baikal was most likely generated by a spillover from terrestrial carnivores in the vicinity. Our analysis indicates that the Baikal seal CDV strain sits most basally to all other recognized strains in the Arctic clade and has a different evolutionary pathway compared to the more recent strains found in Italy [61]. It was previously reported that the Arctic strain has become endemic in Lake Baikal as it continues to circulate among Baikal seals [62].…”
Canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus; CDV) is a worldwide distributed morbillivirus that causes sporadic cases and recurrent epizootics among an increasing number of wild, feral, and domestic animal species. We investigated the evolutionary history of CDV strains involved in the 1988 Lake Baikal (CDVPS88) and the 2000 Caspian Sea (CDVPC00) seal die-offs by recovery of full-length sequences from archived material using next-generation sequencing. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses indicated that CDVPC00 constitutes a novel strain in a separate clade (tentatively termed “Caspian”) from the America-1 clade, which is comprised of older vaccine strains. The America-1/Caspian monophyletic group is positioned most basally with respect to other clades and is estimated to have separated from other CDV clades around 1832. Our results indicate that CDVPC00 recovered from the epizootic in the Caspian Sea in 2000 belongs to a previously undetected novel clade and constitutes the most ancestral wild-type CDV clade.
“…4) of the H protein encoding gene, CDV1747/ITL2018 clusters with strains Th270L and 19.876 identified from dogs in Thailand and USA, respectively. The H protein encoding gene sequence of CDV1747/ITL2018 bears, indeed, the highest sequence identity with strains Th270L (96.29%) and 19876 (96.59%) whereas with reference CDV lineages and vaccine strains, including CDV599/2016 (Europe wildlife lineage) 22 and CDV2784/2013 (Arctic lineage) 21,25 which have been recently identified in central and southern Italy, sequence identity ranges from 90.89% to 95.48% (Table 1). Considering also the close temporal relationship between the onset of clinical signs and arrival to Italy, it is tempting to speculate that CDV1747/2018 was likely introduced to Italy from Cuba.Figure 4Phylogenetic analysis of H protein encoding gene sequences retrieved from GenBank.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses of CDV have revealed that mutations affecting the binding site of the H protein for virus entry receptors are associated with the occurrence of disease emergence in novel host species 14 . In Italy, CDV has been detected in several occasions with different viral strains belonging to separate lineages circulating in the field 15–22 . Generally, in Italy CDV circulation in domestic dogs is under control as for the availability of valid vaccines on the market.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this outbreak, distemper caused overt disease in unvaccinated domestic and shepherd dogs, Apennine wolves ( Canis lupus ) and other wild carnivores living in natural areas of the Abruzzi and neighboring regions, including Molise. CDV circulation was still evidenced in the following years in wild and domestic animals 22 . Direct diagnosis of CDV infection in animals showing neurological signs is primarily performed by molecular assays detecting the viral genome in the cerebrospinal fluid or alternatively in the urine 20,24 .…”
Prompt identification of the causative pathogen of an infectious disease is essential for the choice of treatment or preventive measures. In this perspective, nucleic acids purified from the brain tissue of a dog succumbed after severe neurological signs were processed with the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford UK) sequencing technology. Canine distemper virus (CDV) sequence reads were detected. Subsequently, a specific molecular test and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the presence of CDV RNA and antigen, respectively, in tissues. This study supports the use of the NGS in veterinary clinical practice with potential advantages in terms of rapidity and broad-range of molecular diagnosis.
“…Indeed, the study of the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of the CDV revealed that the appearance of the disease in new species 2 of 11 is correlated to mutations affecting the H protein-binding site for virus entry receptors [3][4][5]. There are numerous reports of CDV in Italy, describing also the different viral circulating strains belonging to distinct genetic lineages [6][7][8][9]. Some studies additionally report pathogenetic differences between the different strains responsible for CDV infections, such as for tissue tropism inducing an assortment of histopathological lesions [9,10].…”
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly lethal contagious viral pathogen mainly found in domestic and wild canids and mustelids. Although, in Italy, circulating strains of Europe 1, Europe wildlife and Arctic type are reported, data relating to Latium and Tuscany regions are limited. In view of this, through passive surveillance, we investigated the presence of CDV and which strains were circulating in these Regions. From March 2017 to October 2019, a group of 122 subjects were tested for CDV using a PCR protocol described in the literature, with 12 detected positive; analyses were carried out on a set of target samples (brain and lung, conjunctival, nasal and rectal swabs, urine or swab from bladder and intracardiac clot) that was defined for the detection of CDV in both live and dead animals. The rectal swab, easily collected also from live animals, represented the most suitable sample for CDV diagnosis, with 9 positive of the 11 (81.82%) tested. In addition, brain and lung of 15 subjects out of 181 susceptible animals collected between 2011 and 2018, during post mortem investigations in routine diagnostic activity, were CDV positive. Molecular analyses of all positive samples, using a 287 bp fragment located within the conserved N terminus of the morbillivirus nucleoprotein gene, detected the circulation of strain CDV599/2016 (KX545421.1) belonging to the “Europe wildlife” lineage, and of strain CDV12254/2015 (KX024709.1), belonging to the Arctic-lineage, thus confirming the co-circulation of the two lineages, as already noted in previous studies.
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