Lethal and sublethal effects in Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following exposure to five aquaculture chemotherapeutants

Abstract

Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% con dence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: mg/L), EB (1090EB ( [676-2006 µg/L), µg/L), ] µg/L), and DM (980 [640-1800] ng/L). In subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests, LC50 values (95% con dence intervals) in order of least to most toxic were: EB (2065 [1384-3720] µg/kg), µg/kg), and DM (1035DM ( [640-2000 ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; sh avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Signi cant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 168 h). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Signi cant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.