“…Regarding assessment methods in management education, surveys, individual/focus-group interviews, and observations were used as external evaluation tools to explore students' learning outcomes in online settings (e.g., Ersoy-Babula & Babula, 2018 ; Kang & Park, 2022 ; Petkova et al, 2021 ). Knowledge tests, examinations and perceived ability and skill tests (e.g., entrepreneurial ability, professional knowledge, soft skill assessments) were incorporated into management educational programs to examine whether students achieve their learning goals set by educators ( Kang & Park, 2022 ; Petkova et al, 2021 ). Moreover, log data analysis is also helpful for educators to critically analyze students' online learning behaviors in their profiles and record with multimedia content, dialogue (e.g., comments, replies) and commitment (e.g., indicators among participants) to understand students’ communication via social networks ( Schulz et al, 2020 ).…”