“…For example, r values typically below .10 (Cohen, 1992), or perhaps even .20 (Lykken, 1968), may reflect what Meehl (1991) has called the "crud factor" and Lykken (1968) has called the "ambient noise" of artifactual results that can mislead scholars into thinking they have found meaningful relationships (see Standing, Sproule, & Khouzam, 1991). Other policy statements were scored as exaggerating the evidence because they made comparisons equating the impact of media effects with the impact of medical effects such as smoking and lung cancer, despite the fact that such comparisons have been discredited (e.g., Block & Crain, 2007;Markey, Males, French, & Markey, 2015). • • Insulation: A policy statement was considered to exhibit insulation if it failed to provide evidence that the authors had reached out to scholars with opinions divergent from their own.…”