Lessons from London: regulation of open-loop ground source heat pumps in central London

Fry, Virginia A.

doi:10.1144/1470-9236/08-087

Cited by 56 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Recent development has seen the use of foundation piles, diaphragm walls and base slabs as ground heat exchangers (Adam and Markiewicz, 2009;Brandl, 2006;Fry, 2009). For example, thermal piles and walls involve attaching polymer absorber pipes to the reinforcement cages and this approach has been applied to Crossrail stations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design of thermal tunnel energy segments for Crossrail, UK

Nicholson

Chen

Silva³

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering

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Significant heat is generated by underground trains, particularly when braking, stopping at platforms and accelerating away from stations. A complex ventilation system including shaft, fans and under-platform extraction thus has to be designed to manage the rising temperature in tunnels and stations. This conventional approach results in high energy consumption for running the fans and neglects the possibility to use the extracted heat above ground in buildings. Lining underground rail tunnels with heat-exchange segments can provide an alternative solution to cool the tunnels and surrounding ground, and transfer the harvested heat to adjacent buildings for heating. It will also bring benefits in terms of reduction of energy consumption for tunnel ventilation operations. This paper reports on the work carried out in designing thermal energy segments for use on the tunnelled sections of the Crossrail project in London, UK.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design of thermal tunnel energy segments for Crossrail, UK

Nicholson

Chen

Silva³

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering

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“…at the time of construction (2010) the Lee Sewerage Tunnel was the deepest tunnel in London, exceeding the depth of the deepest underground station Hampstead (58.5 m) by 20 m. Whilst this depth may not seem significant when compared with the Gotthard Tunnel (Simoni, 2013), which is 2.3 km under the Alps at its deepest point, construction beneath London is difficult because of the weak nature of the ground and the requirement to manage the groundwater conditions. Engineering in London is made even more difficult by rising groundwater levels, which result from reductions in water demand by industry (Fry, 2009;Lucas and Robinson, 1995;Wilkinson, 1985).…”

Section: Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To help address this local planning policy in parts of London restrict basement size to 50% of the garden to protect "the character and function of gardens, allow flexibility in planting and natural surface water drainage" (RBKC, 2014). The urban flooding issue is complex and has been compounded by rising groundwater levels in the Chalk aquifer in central London following reductions in groundwater abstraction after industrial decline (Fry 2009;Lucas and Robinson, 1995) and the historic culverting of the surface water system (Barton, 1992). Rising groundwater levels have been addressed and are now stabilized through a collaborative groundwater abstraction operation led by the environmental regulator, TWUL and London Underground.…”

Section: Built Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for groundwater in future city visions

et al. 2017

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A B S T R A C TCity planners, urban innovators and researchers are increasingly working on 'future city' initiatives to investigate the physical, social and political aspects of harmonized urban living. Despite this, sustainability principles and the importance of urban groundwater are lacking in future city visions. Using London as a case study, the importance of groundwater for cities is highlighted and a range of future city interventions may impact on groundwater are reviewed. Using data from water resource plans and city planning strategies, changes in the groundwater balance which may occur as a result of city interventions are calculated for two future city scenarios: a 'strategic' future informed by organisational policy and an 'aspirational' future guided by sustainability principles. For London, under a strategic future, preferential investment in industry-scale technologies such as wastewater treatment and groundwater storage would occur. Acknowledgement that behaviour change offers the potential for a faster rate of transformation than innovation technologies is ignored. The capacity of community-led action and smart-home technologies to deliver sustainable water use under an aspirational future is evident, with a measurable impact on urban groundwater. These methods may be used to inform city interventions that consider the social context in addition to environmental constraints and business drivers.

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“…This is particularly so where GCHPS installations only serve single dwellings, with individual system capacities seldom exceeding 20 kW. However, as there is a proliferation of multi-MW installations serving large commercial premises, scope increases for mutual interference between systems, as well as for cumulative depletion of the ability of the aestifer to continue to provide the heating and/or cooling services demanded of it [21,37,38]. Detailed, site-specific investigations of such cases are increasingly being reported [37,39], often supported by numerical modelling [37,40].…”

Section: Reservoir Management and Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed, site-specific investigations of such cases are increasingly being reported [37,39], often supported by numerical modelling [37,40]. Such studies are providing the basis for pro-active regulation of open-loop GCHPS developments [38], although closed-loop systems continue to evade regulatory control in most jurisdictions. This is not simply a matter of legislative loopholes: modelling of closed-loop systems is often more complicated than for open-loop because of the occurrence of multi-phase fluid flow above the water table, and because of the complex geometry of shallow, looped heat-exchangers buried in soil.…”

Section: Reservoir Management and Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal Energy: Delivering on the Global Potential

2015

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Geothermal energy has been harnessed for recreational uses for millennia, but only for electricity generation for a little over a century. Although geothermal is unique amongst renewables for its baseload and renewable heat provision capabilities, uptake continues to lag far behind that of solar and wind. This is mainly attributable to (i) uncertainties over resource availability in poorly-explored reservoirs and (ii) the concentration of full-lifetime costs into early-stage capital expenditure (capex). Recent advances in reservoir characterization techniques are beginning to narrow the bounds of exploration uncertainty, both by improving estimates of reservoir geometry and properties, and by providing pre-drilling estimates of temperature at depth. Advances in drilling technologies and management have potential to significantly lower initial capex, while operating expenditure is being further reduced by more effective reservoir management-supported by robust models-and increasingly efficient energy conversion systems (flash, binary and combined-heat-and-power). Advances in characterization and modelling are also improving management of shallow low-enthalpy resources that can only be exploited using heat-pump technology. Taken together with increased public appreciation of the benefits of geothermal, the technology is finally ready to take its place as a mainstream renewable technology, exploited far beyond its traditional confines in the world's volcanic regions.

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Lessons from London: regulation of open-loop ground source heat pumps in central London

Cited by 56 publications

References 3 publications

The design of thermal tunnel energy segments for Crossrail, UK

The design of thermal tunnel energy segments for Crossrail, UK

Accounting for groundwater in future city visions

Geothermal Energy: Delivering on the Global Potential

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