Less Is More: Compact Genomes Pay Dividends

Angrist, Misha

doi:10.1101/gr.8.7.683

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The extreme compactness of the genome of Tetraodontidae is attributable to the relative paucity of repeated DNA sequences and small introns, as has been shown in the puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (Angrist 1998;Brenner et al 1993;Crnogorac-Jurcevic et al 1997;Crollius et al 2000). Recently, the genome sequence of the freshwater puffer fish Tetraodon nigroviridis with longrange linkage and extensive anchoring to chromosomes has been analysed (Crollius 2006;Jaillon et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Macroglial cells of the teleost central nervous system: a survey of the main types

Cuoghi

Mola

2009

Cell Tissue Res

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Following our previous review of teleost microglia, we focus here on the morphological and histochemical features of the three principal macroglia types in the teleost central nervous system (ependymal cells, astrocyte-like cells/radial glia and oligodendrocytes). This review is concerned with recent literature and not only provides insights into the various individual aspects of the different types of macroglial cells plus a comparison with mammalian glia, but also indicates the several potentials that the neural tissue of teleosts exhibits in neurobiological research. Indeed, some areas of the teleost brain are particularly suitable in terms of the establishment of a "simple" but complete research model (i.e. the visual pathway complex and the supramedullary neuron cluster in puffer fish). The relationships between neurons and glial cells are considered in fish, with the aim of providing an integrated picture of the complex ways in which neurons and glia communicate and collaborate in normal and injured neural tissues. The recent setting up of successful protocols for fish glia and mixed neuron-glia cultures, together with the molecular facilities offered by the knowledge of some teleost genomes, should allow consistent input towards the achievement of this aim.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Macroglial cells of the teleost central nervous system: a survey of the main types

Cuoghi

Mola

2009

Cell Tissue Res

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“…Nonetheless, the genomic organization of this region in the chicken exhibits conserved synteny of gene order with mammals, that extends beyond the tandemly arranged TLR7 and fragmented TLR8 to the flanking genes. With the chicken TLR7/8 region, both intronic and intergenic distances are smaller than those in this region of the mammalian genomes and are condensed by approximately 2·5‐fold (commensurate with other regions of the chicken genome) 50 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of a functional, alternatively spliced Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) and genomic disruption of TLR8 in chickens

Philbin¹,

Iqbal²,

Boyd³

et al. 2005

Immunology

198

127

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Summary Based upon the recognition of antiviral compounds and single stranded viral RNA the Toll‐like receptors TLR7 and TLR8 are suggested to play a significant role in initiating antiviral immune responses. Here we report the molecular characterization of the chicken TLR7/8 loci which revealed an intact TLR7 gene and fragments of a TLR8‐like gene with a 6‐kilobase insertion containing chicken repeat 1 (CR1) retroviral‐like insertion elements. The chicken TLR7 gene encodes a 1047‐amino‐acid protein with 62% identity to human TLR7 and a conserved pattern of predicted leucine‐rich repeats. Highest levels of chicken TLR7 mRNA were detected in immune‐related tissues and cells, especially the spleen, caecal, tonsil and splenic B cells. Alternative spliced forms of TLR7 mRNA were identified in chicken, mouse and human and expressed in similar tissues and cell types to the major form of chicken TLR7. The chicken TLR7+ HD11 cell line and fresh splenocytes produced elevated levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) mRNA after exposure to the agonists R848 and loxoribine. Interestingly, none of the TLR7 agonists stimulated increased type I interferon (IFN) mRNA whereas poly(I:C) (a TLR3 agonist) up‐regulated both chicken IFN‐α and chicken IFN‐β mRNA. In contrast, TLR7 agonists, particularly R848 and poly(U) stimulated up‐regulation of chicken IL‐1β, and chicken IL‐8 mRNAs more effectively than poly(I:C). Stimulation of chicken TLR7 with R848 was chloroquine sensitive, suggesting signalling within an endosomal compartment, as for mammalian TLR7. The deletion of TLR8 in galliforms, accompanied with the differential response after exposure to TLR7 agonists, offers insight into the evolution of vertebrate TLR function.

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“…Moreover, this low DNA content is associated with an extremely compact genome (Angrist, 1998;Villard et al, 1998;Chou et al, 1998). These features make pufferfish, such as Fugu rubripes and Tetraodon species, suitable for vertebrate genome analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype and chromosome location of characteristic tandem repeats in the pufferfish <i>Tetraodon nigroviridis</i>

Fischer

Ozouf−Costaz

Crollius

et al. 2000

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Karyotype analysis of Tetraodon nigroviridis, a pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae with a small compact genome (385 Mb) which is currently being investigated in our laboratory, indicates that this species has 2n = 42 chromosomes. The small chromosome size (the largest pair measuring less than 3 μm) has complicated accurate chromosome pairing based on morphology alone. DAPI staining, however, provides a banding-like pattern. Because of quantitative variations of some heterochromatin classes, the chromosome formula can not be established precisely, but is estimated to include approximately 20 meta- or submetacentric chromosomes and 22 subtelocentric chromosomes. A centromeric satellite, telomeric repeats, and the major and minor rRNA clusters have been localized unequivocally by FISH. As a result, the 28S and 5S rDNA sequences can be used as chromosome-specific probes.

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Less Is More: Compact Genomes Pay Dividends

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Macroglial cells of the teleost central nervous system: a survey of the main types

Macroglial cells of the teleost central nervous system: a survey of the main types

Identification and characterization of a functional, alternatively spliced Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR7) and genomic disruption of TLR8 in chickens

Karyotype and chromosome location of characteristic tandem repeats in the pufferfish <i>Tetraodon nigroviridis</i>

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