“…He caustically concluded that, despite Marxism–Leninism's prescriptions whereby communist parties had to harness nationalism for their own revolutionary purposes, ‘nationalism has proved to be a much more powerful force than Marxism’ (Connor 1984: 584). Other studies have followed, but the majority has focused on the Marxist Left, often, although not exclusively, in the Soviet space (Ducange, 2021; Forman, 1998; Haupt et al, 1997; Martin, 2001; Nimni, 1991; Pasture & Verberckmoes, 1998; Schwartzmantel, 1991) or, alternatively, in the colonial and postcolonial world during the process of decolonisation (see among others Byrne, 2016; Conversi, 2020, pp. 37–39; Goebel, 2017; Kalter, 2016).…”