Les enjeux de l’entreprenariat immigré

Abstract

Cet article prdsente Ies acquis de la littOrature sur les dconomies immigrdes et interroge de maniOre critique l'usage qui y est fait de la notion d'ethnicitd. I1 analyse d'abord le contexte et les opportunitds des entrepreneurs (micro-et macro-contexte, politique de soutien, transnationalisme, dconomies informelles), avant de ddcrire les ressources ddploydes par les entrepreneurs. Celles-ci incluent notamment les rdseaux et le capital social de type ethnique, dont Ies rapports avec Ies facteurs de classe, de genre et de culture et l'impact sur la mobilitd sociale sont analysds. L'article interroge finalement la notion mOme d'dconomies ethniques, montrant comment celle-ci peut aboutir h une sur-ethnicisation des pratiques commerciales des populations immigrdes.This article reviews the major findings of the scholarship on immigrant economies and critically analyses the use of the notion of ethnicity therein. It first presents the context and the opportunities of entrepreneurs (micro-and macro-context, support policies, transnationalism, informal economies), before describing the resources mobilized by businesspeople. These include, in particular, networks and ethnic~social capital, whose relationships with factors such as class, gender, culture, and social mobility are investigated. The article concludes by questioning the very notion of ethnic economies, arguing that it may lead to an over-ethnicisation of business practices within immigrant groups.

Are migrant-owned firms different from native-owned ones?

“…Accordingly, it has been noted that the motives for becoming an entrepreneur tend to be similar to those of the indigenous population over time, and the pursuit of independence, the desire to break free from hierarchical subordination, and the desire to pursue one's own initatives become crucial (Masurel et al, 2002). Pécoud (2005) and the proponents of the convergence hypothesis (Nee et al, 1994;Pécoud, 2004;Piguet, 1999) argue that the ethnic approach underestimates immigrant entrepreneurs' widespread proclivity for interculturality and that the boundaries between migrant companies and native businesses are quite porous. In this sense, one drawback of the ethnic economy paradigm originates in having neglected the spread of mixed (in-between) ventures where the relationships of employment, partnership, supply, and sale can contemporaneously involve migrants and natives (Pieterse, 2000).…”

“…Pécoud (2005) and the proponents of the convergence hypothesis (Nee et al, 1994; Pécoud, 2004; Piguet, 1999) argue that the ethnic approach underestimates immigrant entrepreneurs’ widespread proclivity for interculturality and that the boundaries between migrant companies and native businesses are quite porous. In this sense, one drawback of the ethnic economy paradigm originates in having neglected the spread of mixed (in-between) ventures where the relationships of employment, partnership, supply, and sale can contemporaneously involve migrants and natives (Pieterse, 2000).…”

“…This may lead to the involvement of non-co-ethnic collaborators and partners and the development of models of multicultural hybridism (Arrighetti et al, 2014a, 2017; Mueller, 2014; Pécoud, 2004, 2010; Pieterse, 2000). According to this interpretative stance, most immigrant companies repeatedly overcome community constraints over time and often resort to non-ethnic resources (Pécoud, 2005). Even for Italy, recent studies have shown that cultural hybridism in ethnic enterprises does not seem to be associated with fragility and marginality.…”

Αντιμετωποι Με Την Κριση: Προκλησεις Για Τη Μεταναστευτικη Επιχειρηματικοτητα Στην Αθηνα Σε Μια Εποχη Υφεσης Και Λιτοτητας

“…παρατήρησαν ότι το κράτος πρόνοιας και οι πολιτικές ρύθμισης της αγοράς στις χώρες της ηπειρωτικής έυρώπης έχουν διαφοροποιημένα αποτελέσματα αναφορικά με το εύρος, τη δομή και το χαρακτήρα της επιχειρηματι-κής συμπεριφοράς των μεταναστών. καθώς τονίζει ο Pécoud (2005), θα ήταν σφάλμα να υιοθετηθούν άκριτα θεωρίες που διαμορφώθη-καν στις ηπΑ προκειμένου να κατανοηθεί το φαινόμενο αλλού. παρότι η επιχειρηματικότητα των μεταναστών ήταν παρούσα στην έυρώπη, παρέμεινε μάλλον περιθωριακό φαινόμενο και δεν έγινε ζήτημα δημόσιας συζήτησης ή πεδίο επιστημονικής μελέτης πριν τη δεκαετία του 1980 (Barret et al, 1996· Kloosterman and Rath, 2003· Volery, 2007.…”