“…While the opportunity-to-learn framework is often associated with access to summer learning programs (Davies & Aurini, 2013;Davies, Aurini, Milne, & Jean-Pierre, 2015;Downey, Von Hippel, & Broh, 2004) or pre-school education (Duncan & Magnuson, 2011;Farkas & Hibel, 2008), it is less often applied to the impact of frequent and multiple suspensions and detentions that inhibit formal learning in class. Yet, studies show a positive correlation between time of study spent and academic achievement (Gregory et al, 2010).…”