“…6 Second, but relatedly, thinking in terms of obligation also renders it hard to conceive of diasporas as being disloyal. Since diaspora politics are, if nothing else, contingent on the normative understanding of diaspora geography and the meaning of diaspora (Gilroy, 1993;Dufoix, 2003) (Gilroy, 1993;Dufoix, 2003), to presume that diasporas can be either loyal or disloyal renders a crude dichotomy onto the multifaceted characteristics of diaspora life . 7 For example, in his introduction to the 1986 edited volume about diasporas and international relations, Gabriel Sheffer (Sheffer, 1986: 20) (Sheffer, 1986: 20) (Sheffer, 1986) (Sheffer 1986) (Sheffer 1986) writes that, "The likelihood of contradiction arising between a state's policies and the predilections of a homeland dwelling people will obviously depend in large part on the degree to which the state apparatus identifies itself exclusively with the interests of that people."…”