“…Essential or not, the hazardous heavy metals such as Cd 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ are known to be major threats to the environment [38]. The molecular mechanisms involved in heavy metal transport and homeostasis have been intensively studied in S. cerevisiae [3], along with many aspects regarding their toxicity, tolerance, accumulation, or extrusion [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Some of the relevant studies performed in S. cerevisiae correlating heavy metal exposure to calcium-related mechanisms are presented in the following section.…”