Leptospirosis Serodiagnosis by the Microscopic Agglutination Test

Goris, Marga G. A.; Hartskeerl, Rudy A.

doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e05s32

Cited by 108 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Blood was collected from fish using syringes and needles, and serum separated from blood by centrifugation. Sera were stored in freezer at -20 o C until used in microagglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis as previously described (Cole et al, 1973;Goris & Hartskeerl, 2013). Briefly, local Leptospira serovars isolated from animals in Tanzania, namely Leptospira serovar Sokoine and serovar Kenya mainly found in domestic animals and rodents were selected for use in MAT.…”

Section: Fish Samples and Leptospiral Antibodies Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospira infections in freshwater fish in Morogoro Tanzania: a hidden public health threat

Mgode

Mhamphi

Katkweba

et al. 2014

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Leptospirosis caused by spirochete bacterium of genus Leptospira affects humans and animals worldwide. Rodents are major reservoirs of leptospires whereas wetland and aquatic migratory birds also carry and transmit leptospires. Leptospirosis studies in fish are lacking in African countries despite favourable environment and abundant reservoirs, which can spread leptospires into aquatic habitats and infect fish. The objectives of this study were to determine presence of Leptospira in fish; the prevalent Leptospira serovars and whether are related to serovars reported in animals; and to ascertain potential public health risk. Live tilapia, catfish and eel fish (n=48) were caught in Mindu Dam in Morogoro Municipality in eastern Tanzania. Blood sample was collected using syringes and needles to obtain serum for serological detection of leptospirosis using gold standard microagglutination test utilizing local and reference Leptospira serovars Sokoine, Kenya, Pomona and Hebdomadis. Twenty-six fish (54.2%) were positive for serovar Kenya (29.2%) and Sokoine (25%). Leptospira prevalence was high in both catfish (58.3%) and tilapia fish (47.8%). Thus, different fish types are infected with Leptospira found in animals. Fish could be source of Leptospira infection to humans since tilapia and catfish are the common fish type widely consumed in Tanzania. Further study covering lakes, rivers and dams is required to better understand the prevalence of Leptospira in fish and actual public health threats.

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Section: Fish Samples and Leptospiral Antibodies Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospira infections in freshwater fish in Morogoro Tanzania: a hidden public health threat

Mgode

Mhamphi

Katkweba

et al. 2014

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…The gold standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) used for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis was applied to determine Leptospira antibodies in bats' serum as described elsewhere (Cole et al, 1973;Goris & Hartskeerl, 2013). Six live Leptospira serovars including local Leptospira serovar Sokoine, serovar Kenya and serovar Lora reported in rodents and domestic animals in Tanzania including Morogoro areas, and reference serovars Hebdomadis, Canicola and Pomona were used in the study.…”

Section: Microscopic Agglutination Test For Leptospira Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in bats roosting in human settlements in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania

Mgode

Mbugi

Mhamphi

et al. 2014

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…Isolates were inoculated into liquid EMJH, grown at 30 C to the logarithmic phase, and adjusted to a McFarland standard of 0.5. [5][6][7][8][9] Spiking was performed by centrifuging 12 mL of the adjusted culture, discarding the supernatant, and then resuspending with 12 mL of suspending fluid. Rice field water and pond water from the outbreak location in Thailand were autoclaved before use.…”

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confidence: 99%

Viability of Leptospira Isolates from a Human Outbreak in Thailand in Various Water Types, pH, and Temperature Conditions

Stoddard¹,

Bui²,

Haberling³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Leptospira spp. isolated from patients during a multiyear outbreak in Thailand were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing and a majority were identified as ST34, especially in earlier years. We tested whether ST34 isolates were better adapted to survive in various pH levels, temperatures, and water sources. Motility and growth were monitored over a 12-week period. Early year ST34 isolates did not appear to have a significant fitness advantage over non-ST34, however, this may have been because a majority of the isolates survived to the termination of the study, with the exception being at high temperature (37 C) and/or basic pH (8.65). Failure to detect a significant fitness advantage of ST34 may be a result of the length of the study or the small sample size. Lengthening the study and looking at virulence and maintenance in the host could yield additional information about this outbreak.Leptospirosis has a broad range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to acute renal failure and pulmonary hemorrhage.1,2 The disease is found worldwide, but is more common in countries with a rainy season and warmer climate that promotes the survival of leptospires in the environment. 3 The outbreak could not be explained by climate or regional flooding; the authors hypothesized that the increased incidence may have been caused by the presence of a biologically successful strain of pathogenic Leptospira.3 In this study, we tested whether early year ST34 isolates (2001 and 2003) were better adapted than later year ST34 and/or non-ST34 isolates (2005 and 2006) from this outbreak for survival in water from different sources and at variable pH and temperature.Isolates representing four of the 11 STs from various years of the outbreak were selected (Table 1). Isolates had been maintained at 25-30 C and had gone through 18-23 passages in Ellinghausen, McCullough, Johnson, and Harris (EMJH) semisoild media. Isolates were inoculated into liquid EMJH, grown at 30 C to the logarithmic phase, and adjusted to a McFarland standard of 0.5. [5][6][7][8][9] Spiking was performed by centrifuging 12 mL of the adjusted culture, discarding the supernatant, and then resuspending with 12 mL of suspending fluid. Rice field water and pond water from the outbreak location in Thailand were autoclaved before use. For each suspending fluid, conditions were tested in duplicate with various temperatures (25 C, 30 C, or 37 C) and pH (unadjusted, 5.65 or 8.65) combinations. The unadjusted pH was found to be pH 6.95 in rice field water and pH 7.79 in pond water. Once the Leptospira were resuspended, tubes were placed in a dark incubator at the appropriate temperature for 12 weeks. For each test combination, growth and viability of the Leptospira isolates were determined by measuring optical density (OD), leptospiral motility, and growth in semisolid EMJH (Figure 1).The OD at 400 nm was measured twice each week as a method of monitoring viable Leptospira ( Figure 1A). 10,11 Repeated measures analysis of variance and Wilks test were performed to...

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Leptospirosis Serodiagnosis by the Microscopic Agglutination Test

Cited by 108 publications

References 19 publications

Leptospira infections in freshwater fish in Morogoro Tanzania: a hidden public health threat

Leptospira infections in freshwater fish in Morogoro Tanzania: a hidden public health threat

Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in bats roosting in human settlements in Morogoro municipality in Tanzania

Viability of Leptospira Isolates from a Human Outbreak in Thailand in Various Water Types, pH, and Temperature Conditions

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