Leptospira in the different ecological niches of the tribal union territory of India

zala, D.; Khan, Vikram; Sanghai, Ankush A; Dalai, Sarat K.; Das, Vincent

doi:10.3855/jidc.10541

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Much higher seropositivity (61.1%) was found among the Irula tribes of Tamil Nadu State, India 13 . In the tribes of Dadra Nagar Haveli, India, 36.5 per cent seropositivity was reported 14 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island

Vijayachari,

Awaradi,

Siddaraju

et al. 2024

Indian J Med Res

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Background & objectives: Shompens are one of the two mongoloid tribes of Nicobar district. There is little information about their recent health status since the last survey which was conducted in 1998. Hence, a comprehensive health and nutritional survey was conducted in March 2017 to assess the changes. The survey was carried out by a joint team of various organizations including the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre and Tribal Welfare and Health Department both located in Port Blair. Methods: A detailed health and nutrition survey of the Shompen community was planned by deputing a field research team. The survey included demographic data, anthropometric data, clinical examination, screening for the markers of infectious diseases, respiratory pathogens, tuberculosis and haemoglobinopathies. Results: About half of the Shompen adults (both males and females) had a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23. However, Shompen children had a good nutritional status with no child suffering from undernutrition. As per BMI for age, none of the children <5 yr were under-nourished, while in the 5-17 yr group, 12 per cent of children were undernourished. Anaemia prevalence was about 48.3 per cent, with 54 per cent prevalence in females and 43.8 per cent in males. Fungal infection of the skin, acute respiratory infection and abdominal pain were the common morbidities observed. None had active pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 38 Shompens screened for IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies, 42.1 and 18.4 per cent were positive for measles and rubella, respectively. Seroprevalence of Leptospira was 35.5 per cent. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.2 per cent, whereas another 28.9 per cent were pre-hypertensive. Interpretation & conclusions: The population structure of the Shompen is not skewed and under nutrition was not widely prevalent among the children of <5 yr. The other positive observations were the absence of malaria, filariasis and dengue. However, there was natural infection of measles and rubella. Fungal skin infection and intestinal parasitic infestations were widely prevalent. Although cardiovascular risk profile was low, there were signs of emerging risk of over-weight, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These together with the high prevalence of smokeless tobacco use may have a serious effect on the cardiovascular disease susceptibility of the Shompen population in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island

Vijayachari,

Awaradi,

Siddaraju

et al. 2024

Indian J Med Res

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“…In urban area, other Leptospira (P1) contamination from water samples were detected in public toilet 66,7% [ 23 ], water canal from slaughterhouse 16,7% [ 29 ], rice field 8,3% [ 26 ], recreational lake 1,7% [ 27 ], open drainage around household between 1,9% − 36% [ 20 , 26 , 28 , 47 , 48 ], human drinking water 8% [ 45 ], household water storage between 4% − 17,2% [ 21 , 24 , 25 ], groundwater and well between 1,6% − 33,3% [ 21 , 22 , 25 , 46 ]. Pathogenic Leptospira (P1) were not detected in industrial drainage [ 48 ], the puddle at slaughterhouses [ 29 ], irrigation and dry canals near the market [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rural area, pathogenic Leptospira (P1) detected in spring that used for drinking 40% [ 34 ], waterfall 35,3% [ 36 ], river between 2,1%-33,3% [ 19 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 45 ], well 25,4% [ 46 ], household puddles between 2,2% − 41,1% [ 37 , 39 , 45 ], household water storage 17%-46,7% [ 42 , 45 ], drinking water 9,3%-15% [ 37 , 45 ], drainage from household 2.1% − 6.7% [ 35 , 48 ] and cowshed drainage 13,3% [ 48 ]. There was no contamination detected in the pool, stream, forest land, and river from rural area [ 34 , 48 ]. ( Table 2 )…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of Pathogenic Leptospira (P1) in soil samples was investigated in 15 out of 38 articles. Six articles investigate contamination in soil samples only from urban areas [ 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 50 ], eight articles investigate only from rural areas [ 16 , 19 , 33 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 51 , 52 ], the remain 1 article investigate in both area [ 48 ]. In total, soil samples from rural and urban were 989 samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenic Leptospira contamination in the environment: a systematic review

Sayanthi,

Susanna

2024

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Background The pathogenic Leptospira is maintained in renal tubules of certain animals, mostly rodents, and excreted in the urine which can contaminate the environment. It is necessary to detect pathogenic Leptospira in environmental samples. Knowing the survival of Leptospira in the environment (water and soil) can provide an overview of where and how they can be transmitted to humans. Objective Therefore, this study aimed to provide a systematic overview of pathogenic Leptospira presence in water and soil environment, the various species of pathogenic Leptospira that are harmful for human, and the ability to survive using a systematic review method. Methods The search process used four databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and ProQuest. Furthermore, the articles sought were published from 2000 to July 2021, and 38 were analysed. Results The pathogenic Leptospira contamination in water was higher in urban areas, while soil samples were higher in rural areas. Various pathogenic Leptospira detected in the environment were L. alstonii, L. kmetyi, L. noguchii, and L. interrogans. Those pathogenic Leptospira can survive in water at 4–30°C and at pH < 7; in soil, it can survive at a humidity of < 20% and a pH < 6. Conclusion Urban and rural areas have the same risk for leptospirosis disease because pathogenic Leptospira (P1).

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“…Many studies worldwide have shown a significant correlation between soil chemical properties and the survival of Leptospira bacteria. For example, in India, soil samples from rice fields and nearby stables were highly prevalent for Leptospira compared to urban sites [80]. Similarly, in Australian cane fields, the bacteria can survive up to seven weeks in acidic soil at pH 6.2 and three weeks in the rainwater-flooded soil [81].…”

Section: Leptospira Persistence In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis and Coinfection: Should We Be Concerned?

Md-Lasim

Mohd-Taib

Halim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Pathogenic Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. The risk of host infection following interaction with environmental sources depends on the ability of Leptospira to persist, survive, and infect the new host to continue the transmission chain. Leptospira may coexist with other pathogens, thus providing a suitable condition for the development of other pathogens, resulting in multi-pathogen infection in humans. Therefore, it is important to better understand the dynamics of transmission by these pathogens. We conducted Boolean searches of several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, to identify relevant published data on Leptospira and coinfection with other pathogenic bacteria. We review the role of the host-microbiota in determining the synanthropic interaction of Leptospira sp. with other bacteria, thus creating a suitable condition for the leptospira to survive and persist successfully. We also discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that amplify the viability of Leptospira in the environment. The coinfection of leptospira with pathogenic bacteria has rarely been reported, potentially contributing to a lack of awareness. Therefore, the occurrence of leptospirosis coinfection may complicate diagnosis, long-lasting examination, and mistreatment that could lead to mortality. Identifying the presence of leptospirosis with other bacteria through metagenomic analysis could reveal possible coinfection. In conclusion, the occurrence of leptospirosis with other diseases should be of concern and may depend on the success of the transmission and severity of individual infections. Medical practitioners may misdiagnose the presence of multiple infections and should be made aware of and receive adequate training on appropriate treatment for leptospirosis patients. Physicians could undertake a more targeted approach for leptospirosis diagnosis by considering other symptoms caused by the coinfected bacteria; thus, more specific treatment could be given.

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Leptospira in the different ecological niches of the tribal union territory of India

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island

Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island

Pathogenic Leptospira contamination in the environment: a systematic review

Leptospirosis and Coinfection: Should We Be Concerned?

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