Leptons with energy >200 MeV trapped near the South Atlantic Anomaly

High‐energy protons, electrons, and positrons trapped in Earth's radiation belts

“…The systematic errors in the particle classification and flux rates, induced by the experimental uncertainties (as the momentum and direction resolution and energy losses in the detector) on the initial conditions of the particles, are of the order of few percent and do not give bias in the fluxes [ Fiandrini et al , 2003].…”

“…To reject the cosmic component of the measured fluxes, the particle trajectories were back‐traced in a realistic geomagnetic field model with Earth's penumbra effects taken into account. Details are reported in the work of [ Fiandrini et al , 2003]. Particles are classified as cosmic if they reach a distance of 30 Earth's radii.…”

“…At energies from ∼100 MeV up to the geomagnetic cutoff, high statistics measurements of energetic protons, electrons, and positrons have been performed by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) in low Earth's orbit [ Alcaraz et al , 2002]. The details of the AMS under cutoff protons, e + , e − data are reported elsewhere [ Fiandrini et al , 2002, 2003; E. Fiandrini et al, Protons with E > 70 MeV trapped in Earth's radiation belts, submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research , 2004].…”

Protons with kinetic energy E > 70 MeV trapped in the Earth's radiation belts

“…At energies from ∼100 MeV up to the geomagnetic cutoff, high statistics measurements of energetic protons have been performed by AMS in low Earth's orbit [ Aguilar et al , 2002]. The study of AMS under cutoff leptons ( e + , e − ) data collected in the same mission are reported elsewhere [ Fiandrini et al , 2002, 2003; Esposito , 2002]. The study of the lepton fluxes has revealed the existence of a steady population of energetic particles below the classical Van Allen belts with a transition region between a stably trapped population, located in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), and a population of particles generated from and impacting in the atmosphere, characterized by residence times up to tens of seconds, in the region below the belts.…”

Coupled ion acoustic and drift waves in magnetized superthermal electron-positron-ion plasmas

“…Importantly, the interaction of high energy gamma ray photons with the atoms/molecules leads to the generation of high energy electrons and positrons in the interstellar medium 43 and earth upper atmosphere. [44][45][46][47] Similarly, the plasma sheet boundary of earth magneto-tail also contains such energetic particles (nonthermal) originating partially from the pulsar into the low density interstellar plasma. [48][49][50] In this manuscript, we have analyzed linear and nonlinear waves in a magnetized e-p-i plasma having inertial cold ions, kappa distributed electrons, and positrons.…”