Leptin: The Voice of the Adipose Tissue

Blum, WF

doi:10.1159/000191303

Cited by 94 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…One metabolic signal proposed as a possible "metabolic gate" for the onset of puberty [80] is leptin, a protein product of the ob gene released by fat cells that is thought to serve as a satiety signal regulating appetite and weight [48] as well as a regulator of energy balance and growth processes [288]. Leptin stimulates growth hormone [236] and hormones critical for reproductive function [48], while inhibiting the HPA axis [236,434].…”

Section: Body Weight Metabolism and Leptinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[48] for review). While chronic administration of NPY has been reported to delay sexual maturation in rats [222,424], other research has shown that levels of NPY increase during the prepubertal to pubertal period in rats and rhesus monkeys [207,537], with NPY antiserum decreasing the magnitude of the GnRH surge in pubertal rats [367] and monkeys, but not prepubertal monkeys [207].…”

Section: Attenuation Of Inhibitory Tonementioning

confidence: 99%

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The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,685

110

4,301

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To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood, adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for independence. Certain behavioral features, including age-related increases in social behavior and risk-taking/novelty-seeking, are common among adolescents of diverse mammalian species and may aid in this process. Reduced positive incentive values from stimuli may lead adolescents to pursue new appetitive reinforcers through drug use and other risk-taking behaviors, with their relative insensitivity to drugs supporting comparatively greater per occasion use. Pubertal increases in gonadal hormones are a hallmark of adolescence, although there is little evidence for a simple association of these hormones with behavioral change during adolescence. Prominent developmental transformations are seen in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Developmental changes in these stressor-sensitive regions, which are critical for attributing incentive salience to drugs and other stimuli, likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence. ᭧

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Section: Body Weight Metabolism and Leptinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Attenuation Of Inhibitory Tonementioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,685

110

4,301

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Serum levels are controlled primarily by fat mass and androgens. 5 However, it has been shown that glucocorticoids can act as a positive regulator of leptin, which indicates a definite association with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Elevated serum leptin levels among patients with CAH were reported recently.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

et al. 2006

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OBJECTIVES. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common inherited disorder of adrenal steroid biosynthesis. Patients with the classic form of CAH show androgen excess, with or without salt wasting. There are few studies reporting on higher rates of overweight and obesity among children with CAH. In addition to its role in the regulation of energy balance, leptin is involved in various endocrine and metabolic pathways. In this context, elevated serum leptin levels were reported recently for patients with CAH and were thought to be involved in the development of obesity among these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze BMI values, compared with population-based references, for children and adolescents with CAH. Possible contributing factors, such as glucocorticoid therapy, skeletal maturation, birth weight and length, and parental BMI, were correlated with current BMI SD scores (SDS). In addition, the implications of serum leptin levels, corrected for BMI, gender, and Tanner stage, were investigated.METHODS. We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study of 89 children and adolescents with CAH (48 female and 41 male subjects; age: 0.2-17.9 years) who presented in our outpatient department during 1 year. All individuals had classic CAH, confirmed with molecular genetic analyses, and received substitution therapy (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, if necessary). The quality of therapy was monitored in follow-up visits every 3 to 6 months, on the basis of clinical presentation and laboratory measurement findings according to current guidelines. We grouped the patients into salt wasting and simple virilizing groups, as well as according to current metabolic control. Leptin levels were measured with a commercial radioimmunoassay and calculated as SDS. For statistical analyses, standard parametric and nonparametric methods were used.RESULTS. The chronologic ages of the children with CAH were between 0.20 and 17.9 years (mean Ϯ SD: 8.9 Ϯ 4.6 years). The BMI SDS of the whole group ranged from Ϫ2.7 to 4.3 (mean Ϯ SD: 0.88 Ϯ 1.3) and was significantly elevated above 0.www.pediatrics.org/cgi

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“…Alternatively, hypothalamic NPY is a potential target in mediating appetite (Blum 1997). Thus, the action of leptin on feed intake in the present study may be mediated by other appetiteregulatory mechanisms.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 79%

The role of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptor in regulating appetite, energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function in the pig

Barb¹,

Robertson²,

Barrett³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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A recently discovered class of receptors, melanocortin-3 and -4 receptor (MC3/4-R), are located within the brain and modulate feed intake in rodents. Stimulation of the receptor (agonist) inhibits feed intake whereas blockade (antagonist) of the receptor increases intake. Our knowledge of factors regulating voluntary feed intake in humans and domestic animals is very limited. i.c.v. administration of an MC3/4-R agonist, NDP-MSH, suppressed (P,0·05) feed intake compared with controls at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment in growing pigs. Fed pigs were more responsive to the MC3/4-R agonist then fasted animals. However, i.c.v. treatment with MC3/4-R antagonist, SHU9119, failed to stimulate intake. The failure of MC3/4-R antagonist to stimulate feed intake suggests involvement of other brain hormone(s) which antagonize the action of SHU9119 at the MC3/4-R, blocking its stimulatory effect on intake. Treatment with NDP-MSH or SHU9119, across a wide dose range, failed to affect LH and GH secretion, except for the 10 µg dose of NDP-MSH, which exhibited both a stimulatory and an inhibitory effect on GH secretion in fasted animals. Treatment with agouti-related peptide, a natural brain hormone that blocks the MC3/4R, failed to stimulate feed intake. These results do not support the idea that endogenous melanocortin pays a critical role in regulating feed intake and pituitary hormone secretion in the pig. SHU9119 blocked the NDP-MSH-induced increase in cAMP in HEK293 cells expressing the porcine MC4-R sequence without the missense mutation. The EC 50 and IC 50 values were similar to the human MC4-R, confirming that SHU9119 is a pig MC4-R antagonist. However, pigs were heterozygous for an MC4-R gene missense mutation. It is possible that the MC4-R mutation alters function and this may explain the failure to demonstrate MC3/4-R involvement in modulating feeding behavior and LH and GH secretion in the pig.

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Leptin: The Voice of the Adipose Tissue

Cited by 94 publications

References 41 publications

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency

The role of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptor in regulating appetite, energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function in the pig

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