Leptin: Linking obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease

Patel, Sanjeev B.; Reams, Garry P.; Spear, Robert M.; Freeman, Ronald H.; Villarreal, Daniel

doi:10.1007/s11906-008-0025-y

Cited by 136 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…However, not only the rare human leptin deficiency, but also resistance to the effect of leptin, which is common in obesity, is associated with weight gain. Numerous observations indicate a correlation between serum leptin and cardiovascular diseases (Wannamethee et al 2007;Patel et al 2008).…”

Section: Obesity and Atherosclerosis: The Role Of Adipokines In Athermentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of PON1 Activity in Adult and Childhood Obesity and Its Relation to Adipokine Levels

Serés

Bajnok

Harangi

et al. 2009

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Obesity as a pathogenic disorder is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases and shows an increasing incidence in the industrialized countries. Adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin have a great impact on the development of atherosclerosis in obesity. Elevated levels of leptin have been found to be atherogenic whereas decreased levels of adiponectin have been proved to be anti-atherogenic in recent studies. The exact role of resistin in the process of atherosclerosis has so far remained uncertain and controversial. In our recent work, we studied the alteration in human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and adipokine levels; furthermore, we also aimed at identifying the potential correlation between these parameters in this metabolic disorder. We investigated the abovementioned parameters both in adults and in children, with regard to the emerging role of childhood obesity and to get a clearer view of these factors during a whole lifetime. Investigating the adult population with a broad range of body mass index (BMI) we found significantly increased leptin and significantly decreased adiponectin and resistin levels and PON1 activity in the obese group compared to the lean controls. Adiponectin and resistin levels showed significantly positive correlation, while leptin and BMI showed significantly negative correlation with PON1 activity.Our findings were similar in childhood obesity: leptin showed significantly negative correlation, while adiponectin showed significantly positive correlation with PON1 activity. We found gender differences in the univariate correlations of leptin and adiponectin levels with PON1 activity in the adult population. In multiple regression analysis, adiponectin proved to be an independent factor of PON1 activity both in childhood and adult obesity, furthermore thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) also proved to be an independent predictor of the enzyme in adults, reflecting the important role of oxidative stress in obesity. Investigating PON 192 Q/R polymorphism by phenotypic distribution (A/B isoenzyme) in obese children, we found a significant correlation of PON1 arylesterase activity with leptin and adiponectin levels, and of body fat percentage with PON1 192 B isoenzyme.According to our studies, these metabolic changes in obesity predispose to the early development of atherosclerosis throughout our whole lifetime. Decreased activity of PON1 and alterations in adipokine levels in childhood obesity could contribute to an early commencement of this process, detected only later in adulthood by increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Changed levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and PON1 activity at all ages, just like 192 Q/R polymorphism determined by phenotypic distribution, may be useful markers beside the general risk factors.Keywords (separated by '-') Adipokines -Leptin -Adiponectin -Resistin -Obesity -Paraoxonase-1 -Childhood Abstract Obesity as a pathogenic disorder is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases and shows a...

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Section: Obesity and Atherosclerosis: The Role Of Adipokines In Athermentioning

confidence: 99%

Alteration of PON1 Activity in Adult and Childhood Obesity and Its Relation to Adipokine Levels

Serés

Bajnok

Harangi

et al. 2009

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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“…4 The adipocytokine, leptin, is believed to be a possible link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. 5 Subcutaneous adipose tissue is the primary source of leptin, and its serum levels correlate directly with body fat mass. 6 Leptin has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotid cross-sectional wall area is significantly associated with serum leptin levels, independent of body mass index: the SABPA study

et al. 2012

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Hypertension and obesity are serious health burdens in sub-Saharan Africa. Urbanized Africans seem to be more susceptible to the development of these diseases than Caucasians. Current research suggests that leptin may be an important contributor to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate leptin levels and their associations with cardiovascular function in urbanized Africans and Caucasians. Serum leptin, ambulatory blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness were measured, and the cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) was calculated. The results showed that Africans had higher leptin levels (Po0.001), ambulatory blood pressure (Po0.001), carotid intima-media thickness (Po0.01) and CSWA (Po0.01) than Caucasians. As we found no interaction between ethnicity and gender for the association between leptin and the cardiovascular variables, we focused mainly on the total group of Africans and Caucasians. In single, partial and multiple regression analyses, positive associations of ambulatory systolic blood pressure (b ¼ 0.256; Po0.001), diastolic blood pressure (b ¼ 0.143; P ¼ 0.012), pulse pressure (b ¼ 0.327; Po0.001) and CSWA (b ¼ 0.107; P ¼ 0.038) with leptin were observed. Even after adjusting for body mass index (BMI), the association between CSWA (b ¼ 0.107; P ¼ 0.038) and leptin remained. Our findings therefore suggest that leptin may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, independent of BMI.

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“…Hyperleptinemia itself has also been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of the co-morbidities associated to obesity such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer [4]. Leptin has been also shown to induce perturbations in the anti-oxidative defence system and increase oxidative stress in both animals and humans [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%