Leptin and Associated Mediators of Immunometabolic Signaling: Novel Molecular Outcome Measures for Neurostimulation to Treat Chronic Pain

Kinfe, Thomas M.; Buchfelder, Michael; Chaudhry, Shafqat Rasul; Chakravarthy, Krishnan; Deer, Timothy R.; Russo, Marc; Georgius, Peter; Hurlemann, René; Rasheed, Muhammad; Muhammad, Sajjad; Yearwood, Thomas

doi:10.3390/ijms20194737

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…Some specific psychoactive medications such as cognitive behavioral therapy and social rhythm therapy also have effects on the treatment of both BD and migraine ( 102 ).To this end, additional clinical and preclinical experimental studies should expand the investigation of new therapies for treating both BD and migraine.Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) (one of the new physical stimulation techniques used for the treatment of different neuropathologies) was also explored as a possible treatment for BD and migraine and may have beneficial neurocognitive effects by targeting on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) ( 103 ). Electrical neuromodulation approaches as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is one of the treatment to migraine and may cause changes in leptin and associated mediators of immunometabolic signaling, with higher at baseline level of IL-10 and elevated IL-1b ( 104 , 105 ). Improving the clinicians' recognition and diagnosis of comorbid BD with migraine accurately is of great importance.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: From Mechanisms to Treatment

Duan

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of manic/hypomanic or depressive symptoms and euthymic periods, with some patients suffering a gradual deterioration of illness and consequent cognitive deficits during the late stage. Migraine is a disease generally without abnormal medical examinations, neurological examinations or laboratory studies, and the diagnosis is made based on the retrospective demonstration of headache features and groupings of disease-associated symptoms. The epidemiology of comorbid BD and migraine is high and it is obligatory to find effective treatments to improve the prognosis. Recent investigations demonstrated that the close relationship between BD and migraine significantly increased the rapid cycling rates of both BD and migraine in patients. Although the detailed mechanism is complex and largely unclear in comorbid BD and migrain, genetic factors, neurotransmitters, altered signaling pathways, disturbances of inflammatory cytokines, and mitochondrial dysfunction are risk factors of BD and migraine. Particularly these two diseases share some overlapping mechanisms according to previous studies. To this end, we call for further investigations of the potential mechanisms, and more efforts are underway to improve the treatment of people with comorbid BD and migraine. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms in patients with BD or migraine and we further discuss the treatment strategies for comorbid BD and migraine and it is obligatory to find effective treatments to improve the prognosis. This work will provide insights for us to know more about the mechanisms of comorbid BD and migraine, provides new therapeutic targets for the treatment and give clinicians some guidance for more appropriate and beneficial treatment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbid Bipolar Disorder and Migraine: From Mechanisms to Treatment

Duan

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Leptin participates in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain [ 90 ], but it also has a role in immunometabolic inflammation, characteristic of many chronic pain conditions [ 91 ]. Moreover, a study suggests that serum concentration of leptin may be a promising biomarker for predicting acute pain transition to chronic [ 92 ].…”

Section: Gut Microbiome Metabolites As Possible Contributors To Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unexpected connection: A narrative review of the associations between Gut Microbiome and Musculoskeletal Pain

Enrico

Methé

et al. 2022

Eur Spine J

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Purpose Multiple diverse factors contribute to musculoskeletal pain, a major cause of physical dysfunction and health-related costs worldwide. Rapidly growing evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiome has overarching influences on human health and the body’s homeostasis and resilience to internal and external perturbations. This broad role of the gut microbiome is potentially relevant and connected to musculoskeletal pain, though the literature on the topic is limited. Thus, the literature on the topic of musculoskeletal pain and gut microbiome was explored. Methods This narrative review explores the vast array of reported metabolites associated with inflammation and immune-metabolic response, which are known contributors to musculoskeletal pain. Moreover, it covers known modifiable (e.g., diet, lifestyle choices, exposure to prescription drugs, pollutants, and chemicals) and non-modifiable factors (e.g., gut architecture, genetics, age, birth history, and early feeding patterns) that are known to contribute to changes to the gut microbiome. Particular attention is devoted to modifiable factors, as the ultimate goal of researching this topic is to implement gut microbiome health interventions into clinical practice. Results Overall, numerous associations exist in the literature that could converge on the gut microbiome’s pivotal role in musculoskeletal health. Particularly, a variety of metabolites that are either directly produced or indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome have been highlighted. Conclusion The review highlights noticeable connections between the gut and musculoskeletal health, thus warranting future research to focus on the gut microbiome’s role in musculoskeletal conditions.

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“…Future studies should evaluate this potential for youth with CPO. Other possible treatment options include exercise, 63 neurostimulation (eg, vagus nerve stimulation), 36 nutrition, 16 probiotics, 43,71 or pharmaceuticals that affect inflammatory systems. Central adiposity is the most important predictor.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%