Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease

Sousa, Jorge Rodrigues de; Sotto, Mírian Nacagami; Quaresma, Juarez Antônio Simões

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635

Cited by 62 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Since the multibacillary household contacts are exposed to a larger antigenic stimulus, it may determine together with their adaptive immunity, this overall cytokine pro le observed. There is a predominance of a type-2 lymphocytes response in the lepromatous form, which induces the production of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β that inactivate the microbicidal response of macrophages, thereby facilitating the survival of the bacillus [22]. Considering the minor contribution of IFN-g among L(MB), our results corroborate previous studies [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Functional biomarker signatures of circulating T-cells and its association with distinct clinical status of leprosy patients and their respective household contacts

Marçal

Gama

Pereira

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease classified into two subgroups for therapeutic purposes: paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB), closely related to the host immune responses. In this context it is noteworthy looking for immunological biomarkers applicable as complementary diagnostic tools as well as a laboratorial strategy to detect subclinical leprosy in household contacts. Methods: The main goal of the present study was to characterize the global cytokine signatures of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from leprosy patients with distinct clinical forms and their respective household contacts (HHC) upon in vitro antigen-specific stimuli. Short-term culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was done. After incubation, cells were harvested and prepared for surface and intracytoplasmic cytokine staining Results: The cytokine signature analysis demonstrated that leprosy patients presented a polyfunctional profile of T-cells subsets, with increased frequency of IFN-g+ T-cell subsets along with IL-10+ and IL-4+ from CD4+ T-cells. Moreover, L(PB) displayed a polyfunctional profile characterized by enhanced percentage of IFN-g+, IL-10+ and IL-4+ produced by most T-cell subsets, as compared to L(MB) that presented a more restricted cytokine functional profile mediated by IL-10+ and IL-4+ T-cells with minor contribution of IFN-g produced by CD4+ T-cells. Noteworthy was that HHC(MB) exhibited enhanced frequency of IFN-g+ T-cells, contrasting with HHC(PB) that presented a cytokine profile limited to IL-10 and IL-4. Conclusions: Together, our findings provide additional immunological features associated with leprosy and household contacts. These data provide evidence that biomarkers of immune response can be useful complementary diagnostic/prognostic tools as well as insights that household contacts may present subclinical infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Functional biomarker signatures of circulating T-cells and its association with distinct clinical status of leprosy patients and their respective household contacts

Marçal

Gama

Pereira

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Thus, the role of macrophages in the response to M. leprae has been widely described and is correlated with the expression of certain cytokines that are classical representatives of the cellular immune response, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ. [270][271][272] In leprosy, when TNF-α and IFN-γ bind to their specific receptors, the behavior of M0 macrophages is altered. Furthermore, after undergoing phenotypic modification, the M0 macrophages become inflammatory, producing inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as iNOS, which produces NO and, consequently, reactive oxygen radicals, leading to the destruction of the bacteria.…”

Section: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases</p>

Sousa¹,

Vasconcelos²,

Quaresma³

2019

IDR

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Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host–pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.

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“…Polarization of Th1/Th2 cells and cytokines has been conrmed in immunity-related diseases, 42,43 and many studies have conrmed that it also plays an important role in the process of brosis. [44][45][46] To date, most silicosis models have only detected Th1/Th2 cells and cytokines within 28 days.…”

Section: 36mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic cells trigger imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells in silica dust exposure rat model via MHC-II, CD80, CD86 and IL-12

et al. 2018

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Silicosis is one of the most common occupational respiratory diseases caused by inhaling silica dust over a prolonged period of time, and the progression of silicosis is accompanied with chronic inflammation and progressive pulmonary fibrosis, in which dendritic cells (DCs), the most powerful antigen presentation cell (APC) in the immune response, play a crucial role. To investigate the role of DCs in the development of silicosis, we established an experimental silicosis rat model and examined the number of DCs and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in lung tissues using immunofluorescence over 84 days. Additionally, to obtain an overview of the immunological changes in rat lung tissues, a series of indicators including Th1/Th2 cells, IFN-g, IL-4, MHC-II, CD80/86 and IL-12 were detected using flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We observed that the number of DCs slightly increased at the inflammatory stage, and it increased significantly at the final stage of fibrosis. Polarization of Th1 cells and IFN-g expressions were dominant during the inflammatory stage, whereas polarization of Th2 cells and IL-4 expressions were dominant during the fibrotic stage. The subsequent mechanistic study found that the expressions of MHC-II, CD80/86 and IL-12, which are the key molecules that connect DCs and Th cells, changed dynamically in the experimental silicosis rat model. The data obtained in this study indicated that the increase in DCs may contribute to polarization of Th1/Th2 cells via MHC-II, CD80/86, and IL-12 in silica dust-exposed rats.

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Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease

Cited by 62 publications

References 92 publications

Functional biomarker signatures of circulating T-cells and its association with distinct clinical status of leprosy patients and their respective household contacts

Functional biomarker signatures of circulating T-cells and its association with distinct clinical status of leprosy patients and their respective household contacts

<p>Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases</p>

Dendritic cells trigger imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells in silica dust exposure rat model via MHC-II, CD80, CD86 and IL-12

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