‘Leopard Skin’ as a Rapid Diagnostic Index for Estimating the Endemicity of African Onchocerciasis

Ld, Edungbola; Alabi, Timothy O.; Oni, Gbolahan A.; Asaolu, S. O.; Ogunbanjo, B O; Parakoyi, Bayo

doi:10.1093/ije/16.4.590

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…This depicts a long standing and chronic phase of onchocerciasis. This observation has been made by other investigations (Nmorsi and Obiamive 1992;Edungbola et al 1987). Six ocular lesions, namely, cataract, choroidoretinitis, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, optic atrophy, and sclerosing keratitis were encountered among the volunteers in EgoroEguare, Nigeria.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The data that exist are predominantly epidemiological (Nmorsi and Obiamive 1992;Nmorsi and Kio 1994;Nmorsi et al 2002;Ufomadu et al 1992;Edungbola and Asaolu 1984;Edungbola et al 1987;Nwaorgu and Okeibunor 1999). We, therefore, investigated some immunological mechanisms by determining the CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin status, and their possible contribution towards ocular lesions and chronicity of onchocerciasis among infected volunteers in Egoro Eguare, Edo State Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin status and ocular lesions among some onchocerciasis-infected rural Nigerians

et al. 2007

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CD4(+), CD8(+), immunoglobulin status and ocular lesions of some onchocerciasis-infected rural Nigerians as manifested by the presence of microfilariae in their skin snips and some chronic symptoms of the parasitic infestation were evaluated. The highest mean CD4(+) and mean microfilarial (mff) load of 560 +/- 20.46 unit cells/microl and 20 mff/mg were recorded among the individuals within the second decade of life, while the least mean CD4+ and mff load of 307.20 +/- 11.23 unit cell/microl and 6.5 mff/mg occurred among volunteers after 60 years of age. The highest mean CD8(+) of 388.00 +/- 23.71 unit cells/microl occurred at the third decade of life. The individuals above 60 years had the least mean CD8(+) of 350.25 +/- 11.90 unit cells/microl. The volunteers had mean CD4(+) of 372.45 +/- 109.02 unit cells/microl and mean CD8(+) of 359.42 +/- with an overall CD4(+):CD8(+) ratio of 1.04. The mean CD4(+) and mean CD8(+) had positive correlation with the mean microfilarial load (r = 0.52 and r = 0.40), respectively. The mean IgE, IgG, lgA, IgM, and IgD were 2,074.82 +/- 823.09, 19.36 +/- 2.49, 3.88 +/- 0.26, 3.59 +/- 0.38, and 0.29 +/- 0.19 mg/dl, and these immunoglobulins negatively correlated with the mean microfilarial load at r = -0.02, r = -0.15, r = -0.82, r = -0.37, and r = 0.26, respectively. Among these immunoglobulins evaluated, only mean IgE (2,074.82 +/- 823 ng/ml) was statistically different from the control subjects (0 mg/dl) at t = 3.39, P < 0.05. In all, the prevalence of the visual impairment and lesions were low. Among the six visual lesions, namely, cataract, choroidoretinitis, iridocyclitis, glaucoma, sclerosing keratitis, and optic atrophy encountered in Egoro-Eguare, only optic atrophy and sclerosing keratitis was reported among the children. The female adults had the highest prevalence of reduced vision 20(43.5%). Also, the prevalence of choroidoretinitis (2.2%) and iridocyclitis (2.2%) were the least prevalent ocular lesions reported among these female adults. The depletion of the CD4(+) contributed to the low prevalence of visual impairment and lesions in this locality. The depleted CD4(+), CD8(+), and the lower values of IgA, IgM, and IgG contributed in the maintenance of chronicity of onchocerciasis in Egoro-Eguare, Nigeria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin status and ocular lesions among some onchocerciasis-infected rural Nigerians

et al. 2007

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“…The prevalence of dracunculiasis in a community can be assessed by the prevalence among schoolchildren. 37 African onchocerciasis has been assessed by screening for 'leopard skin', which is a pigmental alteration of the skin due to the presence of microfilariae, 38 or by palpating skin nodules, 39,40 or by simply asking about the presence of nodules. 41 Communities where lymphatic filariasis is important can be identified by talking to peripheral healthworkers and community key informants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple anamnestic questions and recalled water-contact patterns for self-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren in western Côte d'Ivoire.

Utzinger

N’Goran²,

Tanner³

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A study to determine the diagnostic performance of simple anamnestic questions and recalled watercontact patterns for self-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection was carried out in western Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 322 schoolchildren were screened over four consecutive days with the Kato-Katz technique to assess S. mansoni and concurrent geohelminth infections. Children were individually interviewed by teachers using a standardized questionnaire asking about symptoms, reported diseases, and water-contact patterns. The cumulative infection prevalence of S. mansoni was 76.4%. Univariate statistics revealed a significant association between the level of S. mansoni infection and three recalled water contact patterns: (1) fishing with nets, (2) swimming/bathing and (3) crossing rivers, but no significant association with reported symptoms and/or reported diseases. Multivariate analysis revealed significant adjusted odds ratios (OR) for crossing the river Tchéorbour (OR ϭ 3.90, P ϭ 0.007), crossing the river Sonbour (OR ϭ 3.90, P ϭ 0.008) and swimming/bathing in the latter (OR ϭ 3.28, P ϭ 0.017). The diagnostic performance of these water-contact patterns was characterized by high specificities but low sensitivities, hence negative predictive values. In the village studied here, recalled water-contact patterns were more useful variables than anamnestic questions for schoolchildren's self-diagnosis of S. mansoni infection, but no generalization of these findings beyond this population is possible at this time.

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“…For some years, the idea had been around to use specific and easy to diagnose complications of onchocerciasis, such as 'leopard skin' or palpable subcutaneous onchocercal nodules, to identify endemic communities (Edungbola et al 1987). However, there was no consensus on the validity of different approaches, and the concept had not yet been accepted by control programmes.…”

Section: Where To Treat -Distribution Of Onchocerciasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Research for control: the onchocerciasis experience*

Remme

2004

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryOnchocerciasis control has been very successful in Africa and research has played a critical role. An overview of the main epidemiological and implementation research activities undertaken over the last 20 years in collaboration with the African onchocerciasis control programmes and of the impact this research had on control is given. The research included the development of epidemiological modelling and its application in programme evaluation and operational planning, research on disease patterns and disease burden in different bioclimatic zones to justify and guide control operations, community trials of ivermectin to determine its safety for large-scale use and its impact on transmission, rapid assessment methods to identify target communities for treatment and community-directed treatment for sustained drug delivery. Lessons learned during this unique collaboration between research and control are discussed.

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‘Leopard Skin’ as a Rapid Diagnostic Index for Estimating the Endemicity of African Onchocerciasis

Cited by 25 publications

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CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin status and ocular lesions among some onchocerciasis-infected rural Nigerians

CD4+, CD8+, immunoglobulin status and ocular lesions among some onchocerciasis-infected rural Nigerians

Simple anamnestic questions and recalled water-contact patterns for self-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren in western Côte d'Ivoire.

Research for control: the onchocerciasis experience*

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