Leisure-time physical activity trajectories from adolescence to adulthood in relation to several activity domains: a 27-year longitudinal study

Abstract

Background Insufficient physical activity (PA) levels among adolescents and adults make promoting PA a public health priority. Although most people exhibit low or decreasing levels of PA, other groups increase or maintain high levels of activity. These different groups may engage differently in activity domains during their leisure time. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of leisure-time vigorous physical activity (LVPA) and to explore whether these trajectories are characterised by differences in four activity domains (participation in organised sports clubs, diversity in leisure-time activities, outdoor recreation, and peer PA) over the life course. Methods Data were drawn from the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study. The sample of participants (n = 1103, 45.5% female) was surveyed 10 times from age 13 years in 1990 to age 40 years in 2017. LVPA trajectories were identified using latent class growth analysis, and mean differences in activity domains were studied using the one-step BCH approach. Results Four trajectories were identified: active (9%), increasingly active (12%), decreasingly active (25%), and low active (54%). Overall, this analysis showed a declining tendency in LVPA from age 13 to 40 years except for the increasingly active trajectory. Belonging to a trajectory with a higher LVPA level was related to higher mean levels of the included activity domains. Compared with those in the increasing trajectory, people belonging to the decreasing trajectory reported higher mean participation levels in and age at becoming a member of sports clubs, diversity in leisure-time activities, and best friend’s activity level during adolescence. However, in young adulthood, people in the increasingly active trajectory reported significantly higher mean levels for the same variables. Conclusions The development of LVPA from adolescence to adulthood is heterogeneous, suggesting the need for targeted health promotion initiatives. The largest trajectory group included more than 50 percent and was characterized by low levels of LVPA, less engagement in PA domains and fewer active friends. There seems to be little carry-over effect of engagement in organised sports in adolescence regarding level of LVPA later in life. Changes in social surroundings throughout the life span, such as having friends who are more or less engaged in PA, may assist or hinder health enhancing engagement in LVPA.

Adolescents’ Out-of-School Physical Activity Levels and Well-Being during the COVID-19 Restrictions in Greece: A Longitudinal Study

“…The second item was assessing students’ amount of out-of-school MVPA (e.g., “Outside school hours: How many hours do you usually exercise in your free time, so much that you get out of breath or sweat?”) and participants answered on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 6 (about 7 h per week). Both items have been used in large epidemiological studies of the WHO’s Health Behaviour in Schoolchildren (HBSC) survey [ 72 , 73 ], have shown acceptable reliability and validity [ 71 , 74 ], and have already been used in the Greek language [ 75 ] to capture adolescents’ PA levels.…”

Predictive Utility of the Multi-Process Action Control Framework for Self-Reported and Device-Measured Adolescent Physical Activity Behavior

“…Populationlevel data indicates that physical activity engagement peaks in early adolescence, but declines across adolescence before stabilizing at inadequate levels in adulthood (Dumith et al, 2011;van Sluijs et al, 2021). Such behavioral patterns are problematic in light of research that has shown trajectories of physical activity behavior track reasonably well from adolescence into adulthood (e.g., those who become inactive during adolescence tend to stay inactive during adulthood) (Mathisen et al, 2023;Telama, 2009). The adolescent years therefore represent a unique window of opportunity for shaping lifelong physical activity habits, and thus promoting health across the lifespan.…”