Leishmaniasis in Brazil: IX. Considerations on the Leishmania braziliensis complex:—Importance of sandflies of the genus Psychodopygus (mangabeira) in the transmission of L. braziliensis braziliensis in North Brazil

Lainson, Ralph; Shaw, Jeffrey Jon; Ward, R. D.; Fraiha, H.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(73)90143-0

Cited by 60 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…A total of 49% of the parasites collected in areas (Rio de Janeiro or Espírito Santo) where sylvan animals are probably not involved in the transmission cycle were clustered together into the same zymodeme (IOC/Z-27) of the L. (V.) braziliensis reference strain (MHOM/BR/1966/M2903), which was isolated from a patient with American CL in the Serra dos Carajás, Pará State. In this case, a sylvan sandfly, Psychodopygus wellcomei, has been determined to be the vector (20,31). In contrast, isolates from Pernambuco, where grass mice (Bolomys lasiurus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) have been found to be parasite reservoirs (S. P. Brandão-Filho, M. E. infect multiple hosts include high levels of genetic diversity and opportunities for cross-species transmission (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

et al. 2003

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Numerical zymotaxonomy and variability of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) between the small and large subunits of the rRNA genes were used to examine strain variation and relationships in natural populations of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 101 strains from distinct hosts and Brazilian geographic regions were assigned to 15 zymodemes clustered in two major genetic groups. The great number of isolates (48.5%) placed in zymodeme IOC/Z-27 were collected on the Atlantic coast. The high molecular diversity found in populations in the Amazon Basin was related to the great number of sandfly vector(s) in that region. The results of the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS depicted considerable intraspecific variation. Genotypic groups A, B, and C contained 39, 40, and 22 isolates, which were divided into 16, 10, and 15 genotypes, respectively. The genetic polymorphism observed demonstrates the degree of diversity of L. Infections with the parasitic protozoan Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Vianna 1911 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) or strain variants are recognized as causing human illness in many areas of (sub)tropical America (at least 15 countries), where it constitutes a significant public health problem. Many of these parasites seem to have a unique life cycle, with different phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vectors and/or animal reservoirs and a different geographic distribution (13). This pathogen is capable of producing a variety of clinical manifestations, such as (i) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which may heal spontaneously; (ii) mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a hyperergic invasive ulcerative form that progresses in the absence of any apparent cellular defect (15); and (iii) disseminated CL (4).Most of the environmental factors affecting the epidemiology of the various leishmaniases are still poorly understood. Wild mammals serve as reservoirs for most of the New World Leishmania spp. (21), but there is increasing evidence that some of the human pathogenic Leishmania strains can be maintained in both sylvan and urban cycles. In the case of L. (V.) braziliensis, the principal vertebrate hosts in the sylvan cycle have not been identified, but there is evidence that dogs, horses, and donkeys may serve as reservoir hosts of this parasite (15). The existence of an urban cycle involving peridomestic sandfly species for L. (V.) braziliensis reflects the ability of these parasites and their vectors to adapt to changes in their original forested habitats with important public health implications. Studies using molecular techniques to characterize L. (V.) braziliensis populations from different regions have shown a relationship between level of similarity among the parasite populations (12, 24) and their geographic range, but recent data have also indicated that the considerable variability detected among these parasites is more probably related to the sandfly vector(s) and/or animal reservoir(s) involved in the transmission cycles (18).Pathogens that produce...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

et al. 2003

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“…Ward et al (1973) made a study of sand flies captured during a two month period (December and January) using human bait, rodent-baited Disney traps and aspiration from tree-trunks, all at ground level and captures with CDC light traps on platforms built in the trees at five and 11 m above the forest floor. A total of 23 different species were caught and approximately 65% of all the sand flies captured while biting man were L. wellcomei.…”

Section: (Psychodopygus) Wellcomeimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genus Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 has been accepted by some (Fraiha et al 1971, Fraiha & Ward 1974, Forattini 1973, Lainson et al 1973 and modifications of the taxonomy have been suggested (Galati 2003). In this review, however, we propose to follow that of Young & Duncan (1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence

Rangel¹,

Lainson

2009

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

158

180

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American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Brazil is caused by a variety of dermotropic Leishmania species and the greatest diversity of these parasites is to be found in the Amazon Region.Transmission of the causal agents involves different species of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in close relationship with the mammalian reservoir hosts of the parasites, with the consequent formation of a number of different transmission cycles throughout the country. The data from ecological and epidemiological studies on the different species of the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania, together with those from experimental laboratory transmissions, have either suggested or definitely indicated certain species of sand flies as being responsible for the transmission of ACL. Relatively few, however, have been considered as outstandingly important vectors.According to the taxonomic criteria proposed by Young and Duncan (1994), three genera of sand flies are recognized in the New World: Lutzomyia França & Parrot, 1924; Brumptomyia França &Parrot, 1921 and Warileya Hertig, 1940. The genus Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 has been accepted by some (Fraiha et al. 1971, Fraiha & Ward 1974, Forattini 1973, Lainson et al. 1973 and modifications of the taxonomy have been suggested (Galati 2003). In this review, however, we propose to follow that of Young & Duncan (1994). Vectorial competence of some neotropical sand fliesLutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) -L. intermedia, described from specimens collected in the Fazenda Ouro Fino, in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), where it was found to be abundant in houses, was one of the first species of sand fly to be described in the Neotropical Region.In the 1940's, important studies on the biology of L. intermedia s.l. were made by Barretto (1943) in the state of São Paulo (SP), together with observations on the behaviour of some other species of sand fly. It is a species found in both primary and secondary forests and particularly in areas where deforestation has gradually modified the ecological profile -clearly seen in those parts of the country that underwent past colonization. As long ago as 1943, Barretto suggested that L. intermedia s.l. had, in fact, developed a preference for secondary forest or low, bushy vegetation located in areas suffering from such human impact and according to Tolezano et al. (1980), the environmental changes that took place in SP at the beginning of the 20th century certainly modified the composition of the phlebotomine fauna. While this caused other species of silvatic sand fly to disappear, or survive at low frequency, L. intermedia s.l. adapted so well to the peridomestic habitat that it actually has become the predominate species of sand fly in a new epidemiological profile for ACL in this region. These authors further suggested that the small numbers of this sand fly now captured in the remaining forest indicates that transmission of ACL by L. intermedia is now taking place solely outside of that habitat.Like most s...

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“…Some intra-specific variations were found by isoenzymatic starch gel electrophoresis. 92 147,163 This highly anthropophilic sylvatic phlebotomine species, which is commonly found in the Amazon region, is said to attack humans both during the day and at night. In the Serra dos Carajás region in Pará, Lu.…”

Section: Leishmania (L) Deanei Reservoir Hosts Deane and Others Fimentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of the Leishmania Species in the Guianan Ecoregion Complex

Rotureau

2006

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In the Guianan ecoregion complex, at least seven Leishmania species belonging to both the L. (Leishmania) Saf' janova, 1982 and L. (Viannia) Lainson and Shaw, 1987 sub-genera are causative agents of American visceral leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and cutaneous leishmaniases, including localized and diffuse forms. They are mostly sylvatic species subjugated to their own specific Lutzomyia sand fly vectors and to particular wild mammalian reservoir hosts of the dense rain forest. Originally implicated strictly in wild zoonoses and developing in forested ecotopes, Leishmania show a particular adaptive plasticity to face environmental modifications following deforestation and anthropization. This review presents the different pathogenic complexes of these parasites, emphasizes their implication in human diseases, and considers the influence of humans on their ecology.

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Leishmaniasis in Brazil: IX. Considerations on the Leishmania braziliensis complex:—Importance of sandflies of the genus Psychodopygus (mangabeira) in the transmission of L. braziliensis braziliensis in North Brazil

Cited by 60 publications

References 24 publications

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

Genetic Polymorphism and Molecular Epidemiology ofLeishmania(Viannia)braziliensisfrom Different Hosts and Geographic Areas in Brazil

Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence

Ecology of the Leishmania Species in the Guianan Ecoregion Complex

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